SANS 410 Study material with Correct Solutions
Control Loop Theory - ✔✔Used for calculating and controlling an environment or process
based on feedback.
PID Controller Theory - ✔✔Used to determine how to respond to the error.
Proportional Term - ✔✔Part of PID Controller Theory, where a response proportional to the
current error value is applied.
Integral Term - ✔✔Part of PID Controller Theory, where duration of an error and not just
how far off it is, is used to determine response.
Derivative Term - ✔✔Part of PID Controller Theory, where slope of Error over time
multiplied by the derivative gain is used to slow the rate of change of output to reduce
overshoot.
Fuzzy Logic - ✔✔Taking logic statements and distilling them down in order to control
machinery.
Instrumented Devices - ✔✔Devices that are ultimately responsible for monitoring,
measuring, or controlling the bits and pieces of an industrial system or process
Digital (Discrete) I/O - ✔✔and input or output where the specified value is communicated as
simple on or off signals.
Analog I/O - ✔✔Input or output where the specified value is communicated by varying the
voltage or current of a signal.
,Time Synchronization - ✔✔based on an authoritative time source, and used to timestamp
events and data logged by an RTU
Global Positioning System (GPS) - ✔✔Widely recognized as one of the most accurate and
reliable time references available in remote areas.
Human Machine Interface (HMI) - ✔✔Graphic User Interface for the control of the process
usually organized as a model diagram of the process. Responsible for displaying important
information to the operator.
May facilitate manual control of the process.
Historian - ✔✔Historical data warehouse for ICS. Usually based on relational database
management such as Oracle or SQL Server.
Alarms - ✔✔How an operator is information of any event or condition that must be brought
to their attention.
Engineer Workstation - ✔✔Computer used to make changes or perform maintenance on
industrial control systems.
Project Files - ✔✔Contain details of control system, network architectures, configurations,
logic and parameters, as well as tag to I/O associations. These are major targets for hackers.
Run Time Libraries - ✔✔Used to expose and integrate disparate ICS technologies with each
other.
Front End Processor (FEP) - ✔✔Handles all communication actions, supervises the
communication with associated administration, and informs the central system.
, Phase Data Concentrator (PDC) - ✔✔interfaces systems/equipment with incompatible
protocols and enables I/O communication between remote sites in a point-mulitpoint system
without the need fora SCADA Host.
Energy Management System (EMS) - ✔✔Computer based system used to monitor, control,
and optimize the performance of the generation and or/transmission system (power).
Building Management System (BMS) - ✔✔computer based control system installed in
buildings that controls and monitors the buildings mechanical and electrical equipment such as
ventilation. Occasionally linked to access control.
Contingency Analysis - ✔✔the process where potentially harmful events, thresholds, or
configurations are identified so that contingent actions may be taken if the criteria are met.
Examples: Tripping Breakers, opening/closing valves, or sounding alarms.
Process Control Systems - ✔✔enable automation by monitoring manufacturing environment
and electronically controlling the process or manufacturing flow based on various set points.
Safety Instrumented System - ✔✔devices or systems that monitor for or remediate any
situation that may impact plant safety.
Safety Instrumented Functions (SIF) - ✔✔the specific control functions performed by a SIS.
Distributed Control System (DCS) - ✔✔utilizes custom designed controllers, propriety
interconnection protocols, and communication protocols across a geographically distributed
systems used to control the manufacturing process.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) - ✔✔Large scale ICS system that includes
multiple sites or long distances.
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