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NURS5315-Advanced Pathophysiology Test 2024 | Questions Solved 100% Correct-Verified Answers
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NURS5315-Advanced Pathophysiology Test 2024 | Questions Solved 100% Correct-Verified Answers
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NURS5315-Advanced Pathophysiology Test2024 | Questions Solved 100% Correct-Verified
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What triggers ketogenesis? - ✔✔Unavailability of glucose. Keto diet = no sugar. Starvation
and Type 2 DM can lead to this.
Role of Acetyl-CoA - ✔✔Returns to citric acid cycle and combines with oxaloacetate to form
citrate. Also transforms into ketone bodies by hepatocytes
Oxaloacetate - ✔✔Used in gluconeogenesis (process of getting sugars from carbs). During
starvation or uncontrolled diabetes, oxaloacetate levels are insufficient because it has been
completely used by gluconeogenesis. Depletion of oxaloacetate increases amount of Acetyl
CoA.
Normal cells - ✔✔Will not grow unless attached to a firm surface. Normal cells have a limited
life span and divide 10-50 times. Uniform in size and shape.
Cancer cells - ✔✔Cells continue to crowd and eventually pile over. Immortal and divide for
years. Divide rapidly and are parasites. Must grow in a hypoxic or acidic environment.
Which cancer produces alpha fetoprotein? - ✔✔Liver and germ cell tumors secrete this into
the blood. Found in liver, testicles, or ovaries.
Which cancer produces carcinoembryonic antigen? - ✔✔GI, pancreas, lung, breast, large
intestine, colon, rectal
Which cancer produces beta human chorionic gonadotropin? - ✔✔Germ cell (reproductive)
,Which cancer produces prostate specific antigen? - ✔✔Prostate
Origin of cancer from carcino-? - ✔✔Carcinoma = cancer from the epithelial tissue
Origin of cancer from sarco-? - ✔✔Cancer arising from the connective tissue
Origin of cancer from -oma? - ✔✔Benign tumor
Origin of cancer -blastoma? - ✔✔Nervous tissue
Lung cancer site of metastasis? - ✔✔Multiple organs, including brain
Colorectal cancer site of metastasis? - ✔✔Liver, lungs
Testicular cancer site of metastasis? - ✔✔Lungs, liver, brain
Prostate cancer site of metastasis? - ✔✔Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver
Breast cancer site of metastasis? - ✔✔Bones, lung, liver, brain
Head and neck cancer site of metastasis? - ✔✔Lymphatics, liver, bones
Sarcoma site of metastasis? - ✔✔Lungs
Melanoma site of metastasis? - ✔✔Lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI
, Origin of cancer from adeno? - ✔✔Glandular Epithelial
TNM Staging System - ✔✔T= tumor spread
TX= main tumor not measured
T0= tumor cannot be found
T1=T4=size or extent of main tumor. Higher the number, larger it is
N= node involvement
NX= cannot be measured
N0=no cancer in lymph nodes
N1-N3= number of lymph nodes. Higher the number, the more lymph nodes that contain
cancer
M= presence of metastasis
MX=cannot be measured
M0=cancer has not spread to other parts of body
M1=Cancer has spread to other parts of body
BRCA gene - ✔✔Increases risk for developing ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer
Paraneoplastic syndromes - ✔✔Triggered by cancer but aren't caused directly from a
tumor/mass. Commonly caused by hormones released by a tumor or an immune response
triggered by a tumor.
*May be earliest S/S of unknown cancer*
Cachexia - ✔✔Imbalance between amount of energy intake vs. energy used. Wasting
syndrome = catabolic process. Increase in apoptosis and impaired ability to regenerate cells.
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