PSYCH 230 EXAM 2 WITH CORRECT
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2024 –
2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's
preoperational stage? - ANSWERS-primitive reasoning
Why are children in the concrete operational stage able to perform conservation
tasks? - ANSWERS-they can consider several characteristic of an object at once;
they are capable of seriation and transitivity; they can classify or divide things into
different sets or subsets
According to Vygotsky, these statements concerning the development of internal
and external speech are true - ANSWERS-the transition from external to internal
speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age; when self-talk becomes second
nature, children can act without verbalizing; children communicate externally
before developing internal speech
,Visual Perception - ANSWERS-Early Theorists (James) speculated that infants
perceive world as blooming buzzing confusion; recent research suggests that
infants perceive a wide variety of sights very early; Types of perception studied:
Pattern perception, perception of faces and facial expression, depth perception
Pattern Perception - ANSWERS-Infants aged 2 moths and older can discriminate
patterns similar to adults - even highly complex ones; infants from 0-2 months can
only discriminate moderately complex patterns (high contrast; curvilinear rather
than linear patterns)
Perception of Faces - ANSWERS-Newborn infants track face-like patterns; By 2-4
months: babies prefer normal drawings of faces to scrambled ones; fixate on
internal parts of faces instead of just the edge
Perception of Facial Expressions - ANSWERS-3-4 month old infants: can
discriminate between happy and sad faces, prefer happy faces to sad ones, show
happiness at happy faces and distress to angry faces; by 6-12 months: infants can
read other's facial expressions and use them to guide their behavior
Sensation - ANSWERS-Registering of the physical energy of the world to sense
organs
Perception - ANSWERS-Organization and interpretation of sensed energy into
meaningful forms
, How do we study perception? - ANSWERS-- Preference Method: two objects are
presented simultaneously and we record how long infant attends to each one
- Habituation Method: A stimulus becomes so familiar or boring that infant stops
showing any response to it
- Evoked Potentials: Present with a stimulus and record brain waves
Can babies see the edges of cliffs? (Depth Perception) - ANSWERS-Eleanor Gibson
invented the visual cliff to study this; put baby in middle of cliff/put mother on
deep or shallow side/have mother call baby
Visual Cliffs - What happens? - ANSWERS-Gibson's findings: found that infants
could avoid deep side shortly after they started to crawl; concluded that babies
could see and understand depth without learning
How does fear of depth develop? - ANSWERS-Study by Bertental et al. (1984);
Believe experience with self-locomotion is necessary for children to avoid depth:
put kids in walkers to give them experience with locomotion/ infants with walker
show an avoidance reaction to depth more so than control infants without a
walker
Auditory Perception - ANSWERS-Infants hear well; startle at/turn away from loud
noises; turn towards softer sounds; general areas studied: recognizing voices,
reactions to speech and language
Recognizing Voices - ANSWERS-DeCasper and Fifer (1980) found that babies
recognize their mother's voice in the first three days of life; Infants sucked faster
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