,1. Which of the following changes is most commonly
associated with chronic inflammation?
a) Decrease in neutrophils
b) Formation of granulomas
c) Decreased angiogenesis
d) Decreased fibroblast activity
Answer: b) Formation of granulomas
Rationale: Chronic inflammation often involves the
formation of granulomas, which are small areas of
inflammation due to the body attempting to wall off and
isolate the infected area.
2. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating
serum calcium levels?
a) Calcitonin
b) Parathyroid hormone
c) Insulin
d) Thyroxin
Answer: b) Parathyroid hormone
Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases
serum calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption,
increasing intestinal calcium absorption, and decreasing
excretion through the kidneys.
, Answer: c) Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa)
Rationale: FENa is a calculation used to differentiate
between pre-renal and intrinsic renal causes of AKI by
assessing sodium reabsorption ability of the renal tubules.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
4. __________ is the pathological process where normal
cells acquire the ability to invade surrounding tissues and
metastasize to distant sites.
Answer: Carcinogenesis
Rationale: Carcinogenesis refers to the transformation
of normal cells into cancer cells that can invade tissues and
metastasize.
5. The enzyme __________, crucial for the replication of
many viruses, targets a specific step in the viral life cycle,
making it a key target for antiviral drugs.
Answer: Reverse Transcriptase
Rationale: Reverse transcriptase is used by
retroviruses, such as HIV, to transcribe viral RNA into DNA,
and is a target for drugs like AZT.
True/False Questions
6. True or False: In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
the complement system is typically overactive.
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