TEST BANK for Health Psychology: Biopsychosocial Interactions 8th Edition by Sarafino and Smith | All 15 Chapters
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Solutions Manual for Health Psychology Biopsychosocial
Interactions, 8th Edition by Edward Sarafino, Timothy
Smith (All Chapters) A+
CHAPTER 1
AN OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY AND HEALTH
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. What is Health?
A. Section Introduction
1. Common definitions of health focus on lack of:
a. objective signs of illness - e.g., high blood pressure
b. subjective symptoms of illness - e.g., pain or nausea B. An Illness/Wellness Continuum
1. The concepts of health and sickness overlap
2. Antonovsky proposes an illness/wellness continuum with polar ends of
death/illness/disability v. optimal wellness
a. need to change focus from what makes people sick to what keeps people well
3. Health = the positive state of physical, mental and social well-being that varies over time
along a continuum
C. Illness Today and in the Past
1. In industrialized nations, people live longer than in past and suffer from different patterns
of illnesses
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2. Until this century, people in North America died from mainly dietary and infectious
diseases
a. dietary illnesses: illnesses resulting from malnutrition such as beriberi (lack of vitamin
B1)
b. infectious diseases: acute illnesses caused by harmful matter or microorganisms (bacteria
or viruses); main cause of death in most of world today
3. History of diseases in US
a. 18th century: epidemics of smallpox, diphtheria, yellow fever, measles and influenza
killed thousands, esp. children
i. infectious diseases such as malaria and dysentery weakened victims and made them
susceptible to other fatal diseases
ii. such diseases were introduced to America by European settlers
1) Native Americans died at high rates due to lack of previous exposure and natural
immunity; lack of immunity probably due to low degree of genetic variation
b. 19th century: new infectious disease beginning to emerge (e.g., tuberculosis)
i. decrease in deaths from infectious diseases by end of 19th century
ii. cause of decline
1) improved personal hygiene
2) better nutrition resulting in greater resistance to disease
3) public health innovation (e.g., water purification and sewage treatment facilities)
4) increased personal concern about health and following advice of health reformers
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c. 20th century: death rate due to infectious disease declined and average life expectancy
increased
i. increase in infant life expectancy from 48 years to 77 years
ii. chronic disease leading cause of health problems and half of all deaths in developed
countries
1) definition = degenerative illnesses that develop or persist over long period of time
2) examples = heart disease, cancer, stroke
3) reasons = increase in industrialization increases stress and exposure to harmful
chemicals; longer life span places people at higher risk for chronic disease
4. Main causes of death across the life span
a. children – accidental injury, cancer, & congenital abnormalities
b. adolescents – accidental injury, homicide, suicide
II. Viewpoints from History: Physiology, Disease Processes, and the Mind
A. Early Cultures
1. Belief that physical and mental illness caused by mystical forces (e.g., evil spirits)
a. speculative evidence - use of trephination to allow spirits to escape
B. Ancient Greece and Rome
1. Hippocrates’ humoral theory
a. health was due to harmony or balance of four humors whereas illness was the result of an
imbalance of bodily fluids
b. health recommendations included good diet, avoiding excesses to keeps humors in
balance
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2. Introduction of the mind/body problem
a. Greek philosophers, including Plato, argued that the mind and body are separate entities
(mind has little impact on the body and its state of health)
3. Influence of Galen
a. believed in humoral theory and mind-body split
b. innovations attributed to Galen - animal dissections to discover how systems work,
localization of illness, and belief that different disease have different effects
C. The Middle Ages
1. With collapse of Roman Empire, advancement of knowledge and culture slowed
dramatically
2. Impact of the Church on slowing development of medical knowledge
a. prohibition on human and animal dissection
b. belief that creatures with a soul were set apart from ordinary laws of the universe
3. Illness was believed to be a punishment for sin
a. medical treatments involving use of torture to drive evil spirits out of body were done by
clergy under this belief
4. Influence of St. Thomas Aquinas
a. church scholar who saw the mind and body as interrelated unit that forms whole person
D. The Renaissance and After
1. Period witnessed rebirth of inquiry, culture, politics, belief in “human- centered” focus;
set stage for changes in philosophy once scientific revolution began
2. Influence of Descartes
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