ethnocentrism correct answers belief that the ways of one's race are superior to the ways of other cultures
gender inequality correct answers system characterized by the denial of autonomy, rights, and prestige to one group based solely on their gender
cultural relativism correct answers idea...
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ethnocentrism correct answers belief that the ways of one's race are superior to the ways of other
cultures
gender inequality correct answers system characterized by the denial of autonomy, rights, and
prestige to one group based solely on their gender
cultural relativism correct answers idea that one must suspend judgement of other people's
practices in order to understand the people studied in their own cultural terms
sex vs. gender correct answers -theory shapes understanding; informs our questioning,
interpretations of questions, and influences answers
-frame of reference
-sex: either of the two major forms of individuals that occur in many species, female or male,
based on reproductive organs and structures
-gender: behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex; how
cultures typify the sexes
gender norms correct answers culturally shared ideas about the roles that men and women
performs, rights they have in relation to others, and values
Norms reflect ideologies
nature (biosocial theory) vs. nurture (social learning theory) correct answers biosocial theory:
biology determines how culture is processed; biologically-determined personality traits react to
environment stimuli
social: culture manifests ourselves
social learning theory: born male and female, but are culturally assimilated to gender norms
social evolutionism correct answers --Lewis Henry Morgan, 1877
--idea that culture develops in a uniform, progressive manner. Progression of a society coincides
with technological development. Society correlated with family structure
savages: hunting and gathering, pottery, bow technologies
barbarians: domestication of plants and animals, metallurgy, civilizations
state societies: writing, monumental architecture, etc.
promiscuity=>Matrilineality=>monogamous patrilineality
inferior => superior
"Man the Hunter" (1968) correct answers --Washburn and Lancaster
--bipedalism allowed men to hunt
--tool innovation and tool use
--creation of language for hunting purposes
--brains got bigger from hunting
--more meat=>more food sharing w/ females=>establishment of family structure
, --criticism: Sally Slocum: What about women? They were bipedal too; gathering also integral to
diet.
--loss of estrus in females; could have intercourse at any time and men could control them, gave
rise to pair-bonding, which contributed to the establishment of the family
--food-for-sex hypothesis: the hypothetical scenario that posits that, in the evolutionary past,
females exchanged sex for food provided by males, allowing for the evolution of the human
species.
A Natural History of Rape (2000) correct answers --Thornhill and Palmer
--the phenomenon of rape evolved due to biological urge by human males to reproduce
--male scorpion flies used as evidence: genital claspers used to rape women
--criticism: reductionists; males rape post-menopausal women and young girls; women also rape;
non-vaginal rape
r selection correct answers r-selection
--many offspring, many die as infants, must survive w/o parental care
--less efficient than k-selection bc eggs are considered "expendable"
--not esp. vulnerable to environmental hazards
--sucessful in unstable habitats
--short life
--commodities
--low individuality
--superficial relationships
k-selection correct answers --few offsprings, large amounts of energy invested in caring for each
egg
--relatively large organisms, such as humans
--practiced by those who reproduce more than once
--organisms with long life expectancy
--each egg has a better chance of surviving to sexual maturity
--offspring live a long life
--very vulnerable to environmental changes
--usually only successful in stable environments
selfish genes correct answers --Richard Dawkins
--males and females have differing strategies for reproduction
--men pass genes on by impregnating as many females as possible (competitive), lots of sperm
--women are better off having a stable partner in raising one child since they can only be preg
once at a time (stable, single relationships), costs her more energy to have kids
sociobiology (1975) correct answers --E.O. Wilson
--the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior
--all human behaviors rooted in biology
--it takes women a lot more to reproduce so they focus on having one child at a time
--women play coy and "hard to get" to get man to stay and help her raise her child
--genetic determinism: person determined by genes
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