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USABO EXAM STUDY GUIDE
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USABO EXAM STUDY GUIDE
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USABO EXAMSTUDY GUIDE
insterstitial fluid - Answers-fluid located between cells and among tissues
cuboidal epithelium - Answers-cube shaped epithelial cells that function in secretion,
and are located in various endocrine glands
simple columnar epithelium - Answers-lines intestines, secretes digestive juices and
absorbs nutrients, one cell thick
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - Answers-forms a mucous membrane in
portions of the respiratory tract; contains cilia that move the film of mucous
stratified squamous epithelium - Answers-regenerates cells rapidly at the basal lamina,
located in areas of abrasion (anus, vagina, skin, linings of esophagus)
simple squamous epithelium - Answers-thin and leaky, located at sites of diffusion
(alveoli and blood vessels)
basal lamina - Answers-a mat of extracellular matrix that separates an organ from
epithelial tissue
lumen - Answers-cavity, external area around organ
loose connective tissue - Answers-connects organs/tissues to epithelium
cartilage - Answers-connective tissue that is sturdy, but softer and more flexible than
bone
,chondroitin sulfate - Answers-a rubbery matrix made of a protein-carbohydrate complex
located in cartilage
chondrocytes - Answers-cells in cartilage that secrete collagen chondroitin sulfate
fibrous connective tissue - Answers-includes tendons and ligaments, made of fibers in
parallel bundles, which maximize non-elastic strength
adipose tissue - Answers-tissue that protects, insulates, and cushions the body, holds
fat in adipose cells which contain fat droplets that can grow and shrink
bone - Answers-mineralized connective tissue; contain a matrix of bone with which
calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions combine to form a mineral
osteoblasts - Answers-secretes matrix of collagen in bone
osteons - Answers-repeating units inside bone, contain concentric layers of mineralized
collagen wrapped around blood vessels and nerves
fibroblasts - Answers-cells of connective tissue that secrete the protein ingredients
macrophages - Answers-engulf foreign particles and debris through phagocytosis
collagenous fibers - Answers-made of collagen, nonelastic and do not tear easily
reticular fibers - Answers-made of collagen, joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues,
continuous with collagenous fibers
elastic fibers - Answers-made of elastin, easily stretched but bounce back to original
shape
sarcomeres - Answers-repeating units in muscles
glial cells or glia - Answers-located in nervous tissue; nourish, insulate, and replenish
neurons
regulator - Answers-manages internal conditions to combat changes caused by external
conditions
conformer - Answers-allows internal conditions to conform to external conditions
normal range (of a variable - homeostasis) - Answers-range for which action is taken to
maintain homeostasis
acclimatization - Answers-when an animal changes certain aspects of its metabolism,
behavior, etc. to temporarily conform to changing external conditions
,endothermic (animal) - Answers-maintain the temperature inside the body through their
internal metabolism
ectothermic (animal) - Answers-gain their heat from external sources, do not perform
internal mechanisms to maintain temperature
poikilotherm - Answers-animal whose body temperature varies with its environment
homeotherm - Answers-animal whose body temperature does not vary with its
environment
radiation - Answers-emission of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves
evaporation - Answers-removal of heat along with liquid being turned into gas
convection - Answers-transfer of hear by the movement of air or liquid past a surface
conduction - Answers-the direct transfer of heat between objects in direct contact
vasodilation - Answers-increasing the diameter of blood vessels as to bring it closer to
the surface of the body and warm it
vasoconstriction - Answers-decreasing the diameter of blood vessels as to take it farther
away from the surface of the body and cool it
countercurrent exchange - Answers-the flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions
that maximizes transfer rates of heat or solutes
thermogenesis - Answers-heat production
non-shivering thermogenesis - Answers-heat production without moving
brown fat - Answers-tissue specialized for heat production
hypothalamus - Answers-part of the brain that acts like a thermostat for the body,
controlling the internal mechanisms that control internal temperature
bio-energetics - Answers-the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
metabolic rate - Answers-the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions over
a given time interval
basal metabolic rate (BMR) - Answers-in an endotherm, the minimum metabolic rate at
rest with an empty stomach without any stress
, standard metabolic rate (SMR) - Answers-in an ectotherm, the minimum metabolic rate
when resting, nonstressed, and fasting
torpor - Answers-a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
hibernation - Answers-long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food
scarcity
essential nutrients - Answers-nutrients that are essential for an organism to ingest
because they cannot produce it themselves
vitamins - Answers-essential nutrients that are organic molecules and perform various
functions
minerals - Answers-essential nutrients that are inorganic and perform various functions
undernourishment - Answers-not receiving enough food to have sufficient energy
malnourishment - Answers-not receiving enough of a certain essential nutrient
epidemiology - Answers-the study of human health and disease at the population level
ingestion - Answers-consuming food
digestion - Answers-breaking down food
suspension feeders - Answers-filter and eat food suspended in water
substrate feeders - Answers-live on or in their food source
fluid feeders - Answers-drink fluid from other organisms (nectar, blood)
bulk feeders - Answers-eat lots of food in bulk
absorption - Answers-absorbing nutrients from food
elimination - Answers-removing waste from food from the body
enzymatic hydrolysis - Answers-hydrolysis caused by enzymes
intracellular digestion - Answers-digestion that occurs inside a cell by lysosomes
extracellular digestion - Answers-digestion that occurs outside of a cell through various
complex processes
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