RNSG 2432 Exam 2: AKI and CKD All 207
correct and complete solutions.
RNSG 2432 Exam 2: AKI and CKD All 207
correct and complete solutions.
Renal cortex - ANSWER- outer area of kidney
renal medulla - ANSWER- inner area of kidney⟶ renal columns, pyramids, papilla
renal capsule - ANSWER- sausage casing
minor calyx - ANSWER- small cuplike extensions where urine collects before flowing
into urinary bladder⟶ several of these make up the major calyx
major calyx - ANSWER- made up of several minor calyces⟶ urine flows through here
before entering bladder
renal column - ANSWER- delineates lobes of the kidney; part of the renal medulla
renal pyramid - ANSWER- part of the renal medulla
renal papilla - ANSWER- part of the renal medulla; base of the renal pyramid, projects
into minor calyx
hilus - ANSWER- pushed in center spot where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
nerves, and ureter penetrate the kidney
renal pelvis - ANSWER- dilated part of ureter in kidney⟶ formed by convergence of
calyces and leads to ureter
ureter - ANSWER- urine flows from kidney to bladder through here
nephrons are - ANSWER- small filters in the kidney⟶ filter blood and create urine
Kidney filtration process - ANSWER- 1. unfiltered blood enters the kidney
2. nephrons filter blood
3. urine drains into central collection
4. urine exits the kidney through the ureter
5. filtered clean blood leaves the kidney
how many nephrons are in the kidney - ANSWER- >1 million
Glomeruli - ANSWER- Tiny clusters of looping blood vessels; comes from the Greek
word meaning filter.
,RNSG 2432 Exam 2: AKI and CKD All 207
correct and complete solutions.
Nephron - ANSWER- Functional unit of the kidney; structure that actually produces
urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood.
Major functions of the kidney - ANSWER- regulate electrolyte balance⟶ continually
filtering blood
collect and excrete waste⟶ ammonia, bilirubin, creatinine, drugs, toxins (NSAIDs are
esp harsh)
secrete hormones
regulate BP
activate vitamin D & calcium reabsorption
maintain Acid/base balance
hormones secreted by the kidney - ANSWER- ADH⟶ holds fluids in
erythropoietin⟶ RBC production
prostaglandins
renin⟶ part of RAAS system
calcitrol⟶ vitamin D synthesis
BP regulation⟶ RAAS system - ANSWER- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system
hormone system that regulates BP, F&E balance, systemic vascular resistance
urea - ANSWER- waste product of protein metabolism
protein⟶ ammonia⟶ urea
uric acid - ANSWER- product of nucleotides
creatinine - ANSWER- waste product of creatinine; muscle
bilirubin - ANSWER- breakdown of RBC⟶ excreted in bile
azotemia - ANSWER- too much nitrogen
malproduction of kidney and waste system
uremia - ANSWER- too much urea
simple steps of RAAS system - ANSWER- kidneys sense ↓ in BP⟶ release renin⟶
secrete angiotensinogen⟶ converts to angiotensin I⟶ converts to angiotesin II
angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction (↑ BP) and activates aldosterone⟶ holds on to
H2O & Na+ but loses K+⟶ Na+ retention causes ↑ BP
, RNSG 2432 Exam 2: AKI and CKD All 207
correct and complete solutions.
Activated Vit D is required for - ANSWER- absorption of Calcium
in AKI/CKD Vit D is inactivated d/t kidney deficiencies and - ANSWER- does not allow
for Calcium/phosphorus exchange in the kidney
inability to convert vit D means - ANSWER- ↓ absorption of Ca⟶ && Ca⟶ ↑ PTH
secretion⟶ calcium/phosphorus released from bones = demineralization
*low calcium and high phosphorus levels*
low calcium and high phosphorus levels cause - ANSWER- very soft or malformed
bones
regulation of acid-base imbalance is primarily controlled by - ANSWER- lungs⟶
regulate carbonic acid through respiration
kidneys⟶ regulate bicarbonate by retention or excretion
causes of metabolic acidosis - ANSWER- inability to excrete H+ ions and metabolic end
products
buffering of acidic hydrogen ions & metabolic end products
*↓ bicarb production*
acute kidney injury (AKI) usually pertains to - ANSWER- a short term kidney problem
but may lead to chronic kidney problems
most pts can return to normal kidney fx
What is acute kidney injury - ANSWER- umbrella term describing rapid decline in renal
function
spectrum of mild to severe with sudden onset
leads to accumulation of nitrogenous waste⟶ azotemia
Kidneys unable to remove urea from the blood⟶ uremia
common causes of AKI - ANSWER- *dehydration*
trauma
drugs⟶ nephrotoxins
infection
Types of AKI - ANSWER- pre-renal
intra-renal
post-renal
determined by where the damage/assault is happening
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller BestTutor001. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
