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PATHOMA - USMLE STEP 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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PATHOMA - USMLE STEP 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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PATHOMA - USMLE STEP 1 QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
What,is,the,difference,between,hyperplasia,and,hypertrophy?,-,ANSWER,-
,Hyperplasia:,increase,in,number,of,new,cells,from,stem,cells.,Can,progress,to,dysplasia,-->,cancer,
-
,Hypertrophy:,increase,in,cell,size,which,involves,gene,activation,,protein,synthesis,and,organelle,productio
n
*,they,generally,occur,together,=,uterus,in,pregnancy*
REVERSIBLE
What,is,atrophy?,Name,causes,of,it.,-
,ANSWER,Atrophy,is,a,decrease,in,cell,number,(apoptosis),and,size,often,due,to:
-,lack,of,blood,supply
-,disuse,
-,loss,of,hormonal,stimulation
-,denervation,
-,poor,nutrition
What,is,metaplasia?,Is,it,reversible?,-
,ANSWER,Change,in,stress,of,organ,causes,cell,type,to,be,replaced,by,a,new,cell,type,that,can,handle,this,ne
w,stress.
-,Usually,a,change,in,epithelial,cells
-,exposure,to,gastric,acid,,irritant,,smoke
-,ex:,Barret's,Esophagous,(non-kertainzed,squamous,cell,to,epithelium,to,non-
ciliated,columnar,cell,due,to,acid,reflux),
*Yes,,REVERSIBLE,if,stressor,removed*
,What,are,examples,of,permanent,tissue,cells?,-,ANSWER,1),Cardiac,Myocytes,
2),Skeletal,Muscle,
3),Nerve,
*,They,can't,make,new,cells,and,ONLY,undergo,HYPERTROPHY,(get,bigger)*
What,is,an,exception,of,Pathologic,Hyperplasia,that,won't,increase,risk/progress,to,cancer?,-
,ANSWER,BPH,(Benign,Prostatic,Hyperplasia),doesn't,increase,risk,to,prostate,cancer
What,type,of,vitamin,deficiency,can,lead,to,metaplasia?,-,ANSWER,Vitamin,A,deficiency
-,Vit.,A,necessary,for,differentiation,of,specialized,epithelial,surfaces,(conjunctiva,covering,eye),
-
,KERATOMALACIA:,thin,squamous,epithelium,undergoes,metaplasia,to,stratified,keratinizing,squamous,epit
helium.,(dry,cornea,membrane,with,opacity,/,grey,foamy,"Bitot's,Spots"
What,is,an,example,of,metaplasia,in,Mesenchymal,(connective),Tissue?,-,ANSWER,Myositosis,Ossificans,
-,connettive,tissue,in,muscle,changes,to,bone,during,healing,after,trauma
If,a,heart,muscle,has,to,work,harder,,what,cellular,changes,can,occur,to,adjust,for,the,extra,stress,on,the,hea
rt?,-
,ANSWER,Hypertrophy,can,cause,a,change,in,growth,between,the,RV,and,LV,wall,since,heart,can't,undergo,h
yperplasia,,but,has,to,work,harder,during,prolonged,stress.
Difference,between,Aplasia,and,Hypoplasia?,-,ANSWER,-
,Aplasia:,failure,of,cell,production,during,embryogenesis,(ex:,unilateral,renal,agenesis,=,growth,of,only,1,kid
ney)
-
,Hypoplasia:,decrease,in,cell,production,during,=,leads,to,small,organ,growth/embryogenesis,(ex:,streak,ova
ry,in,Turner,syndrome)
Neoplasia,vs,Anaplasia,-,ANSWER,-
,Neoplasia:,uncontrolled,clonal,proliferation,of,cells,(benign,or,malignant)
, -,Anaplasia:,complete,lack,of,differentiation,of,cells,in,a,malignant,neoplasm
What's,the,difference,between,well,differentiated,vs,poorly,differentiated,cancer,cells?,-,ANSWER,-,Well-
differentiated,tumors,(less,aggressive),resemble,their,tissue,of,origin,
-Poorly-
differentiated,or,undifferentiated,(anaplastic),are,more,aggressive,and,look,nothing,like,their,cells,of,origin.,
appear,primitive,and,lack,specialization,along,any,particular,cell,line.
Mechanisms,of,Action,of,Atrophy,-,ANSWER,Apoptosis,-,programmed,cell,death,(decrease,in,cell,number)
Ubiquitin,Protein,Degradation-->Decrease,in,cell,size,by,ubiquitin,tagging,cells,for,death.
Autophagy,of,cell,components,(vacuoles,fuse,with,lysosomes),-->,decrease,in,cell,number
Example,of,Metaplasia,-,ANSWER,Barret's,Esophagous
What's,an,exception,of,metaplasia,that,doesn't,increase,the,risk,of,cancer?,-
,ANSWER,Apocrine,Metaplasia,(exocrine,gland,breast,cancer)
What,is,dysplasia?,-,ANSWER,Disorders,cell,growth,-->,proliferation,of,precancerous,cells,
*,REVERSIBLE,if,you,remove,stressor*
Difference,between,dysplasia,and,cancer?,-,ANSWER,-,Dysplasia,is,reversible,if,you,remove,the,stressor
-,Cancer,is,irreversible,even,if,you,remove,stressor
What,are,streak,ovaries?,What,genetic,disease,is,it,common,in?,-
,ANSWER,Streak,Ovaries,are,smaller,,atrophied,,fibrous,streaky,looking,ovaries,due,to,hypoplasia,(decrease,
cell,number,in,embryogenesis).,
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