ExamI3:IBIOI202/IBIO202I(LatestI2024/I
2025IUpdate)IHumanIAnatomyIandI
PhysiologyIII|IQsI&IAs|I100%ICorrect|I
GradeIAI(VerifiedIAnswers)-IGCU
Q:IWhatIisIHalitosis?
Answer:
I(badIbreath)ItypicallyIcausedIbyIbreakdownIofIepithelialIcells,IbloodIcells,IandIbacteriaIcomb
inedIwithIsaliva,IwasteIcompoundsIproducedIbyIbacteria,IlowIsalivaryIflowI(dehydrationIandI
morningIbreath),IgarlicIandIonionIbreathI(compoundsItakenIinIbloodItoIlungs)
Q:IWhatIisItheImovementIofIdigestiveImaterials?
Answer:
IByIlayersIofIvisceralIsmoothImuscleIalongItheIdigestiveItractI-
IhasIrhythmicIcyclesIofIactivity,IcontrolledIbyIpacesetterIcellsIsurroundingIlumenIofIdigestiveI
tractI-IcellsIundergoIspontaneousIdepolarizationI-
ItriggeringIwaveIofIcontractionIthruIentireImuscularIsheet
Q:IWhatIisItheIperistalticImotion?
Answer:
IPeristalsisIconsistsIofIwavesIofImuscularIcontractions,ImovesIaIbolusIalongItheIlengthIofItheI
digestiveItract,IcircularImusclesIcontractIbehindIbolusI-
IlongitudinalImusclesIaheadIofIbolusIcontractI-IwaveIofIcontractionIinIcircularImuscles
Q:IWhatIdoesIitImeanIwhenIitIsaysIcircularImusclesIcontractIbehindIbolusIinIperistalticImoti
on?
Answer:
IWhileIcircularImusclesIaheadIofIbolusIrelax
,Q:IWhatIdoesIitImeanIwhenIitIsaysIlongitudinalImusclesIaheadIofIbolusIcontractIinIperistalti
cImotion?
Answer:
IShorteningIadjacentIsegments
Q:IWhatIdoesIitImeanIwhenIitIsaysIwaveIofIcontractionIinIcircularImusclesIinIperistalticImot
ion?
Answer:
IForcesIbolusIforward
Q:IWhatIisItheIperistalticIwaves?
Answer:
IMovementsIcoordinatedIbyIafferentIandIef-
IferentIfibersIinIglossopharyngealI(CNIIX)IandIvagusI(CNIX)InervesIarisingIinItheImedulla
Q:IWhatIisItheIprimaryIperistalticIwave?
Answer:
IForcesItheIbolusIdownItheIesophagusIandIintoItheIstomach,IlastingI8ItoI9Iseconds,ItravelsIdo
wnItoItheIstomachIevenIifItheIbolusIofIfoodIdescendsIatIaIgreaterIrateIthanItheIwaveIitself,Ian
dIwillIcontinueIevenIifIforIsomeIreasonItheIbolusIgetsIstuckIfurtherIupItheIesophagus
Q:IWhatIisItheIsecondaryIperistalticIwave?
Answer:
IOccurIbolusIgetsIstuckIstretchIreceptorsIinItheIesophagealIliningIareIstimulated,IwillIcontinue
IindefinitelyIuntilItheIbolusIentersItheIstomach
I
,Q:IWhatIisIdeglutition?
Answer:
I(swallowing)IcanIbeIinitiatedIvoluntarily,IproceedsIauto-Imatically,IisIdividedIinI4Iphases
Q:IWhatIisItheIepiglottisIinIswallowing?
Answer:
IFlapIofIcartilage,IclosesItracheaIwhenIswallowing,IfoodItravelsIdownIesophagus
Q:IWhatIisItheIupperIesophagealIsphincterIinIswallowing?
Answer:
ISkeletalImuscle,IbutIisInotIunderIconsciousIcontrol,ItriggeredIbyItheIswallowIreflex,IprimaryI
mus-Icle-circopharyngeusIportionIofItheIinferiorIpharyngealIconstrictor
Q:IWhatIisItheIperistalsisIinIswallowing?
Answer:
IInvoluntaryImuscleIcontractionsItoImoveIfoodIalong
Q:IWhatIisItheIlowerIesophagealIsphincterIinIswallowing?
Answer:
ISmoothImuscle,IalsoInotIunderIconsciousIcontrol
Q:IWhatIisIheartIburn?
Answer:
, I(GERD)IriskIfactorsIincludeIobesity,Ipregnancy,Ismoking,IhiatalIhermia,IandItakingIcertainIm
edicinesIwithIanticholinergicIsideIeffects,IcalciumIchannelIblockers,IcertainIfoodsImayIpromot
eIgastroesophagealIreflux,IlittleIsupport-IingIevidenceI--
>IavoidanceIofIspecificIfoodsIassociatedIwithItheIsymptoms
Q:IWhatIisIsegmentation?
Answer:
ICyclesIofIcontraction
churnIandIfragmentItheIbolusIandImixIcontentsIwithIintestinalIsecretionsI-
IdoesInotIfollowIaIsetIpattern
doesInotIpushImaterialsIinIanyIoneIdirection
Q:IWhatIisIhaustralIchurning?
Answer:
IMovingIcontentsIfromIoneIhaustraItoItheInextIandImixing
Q:IWhatIisIEntericINervousISystem?
Answer:
I"BrainIofItheIgut"IconsistsIofIapprox.I100ImillionIneuronsI-
IregulatesIactivitiesIofItheIgastrointestinalIsystem
sensoryIneuronsImonitorIchemicalIandIstructuralIchangesIinIGIItractIandImotorIneuronsIcontro
lIcontractionsIofIGIIsmoothImuscle,IandItheIactivityIofIGIIendocrineIcellsI-
ItheseIneuronsIareIaggregatedIintoItwoItypesIofIganglia
myentericIplexusIandIsubmucosalIplexus
Q:IWhatIisImyentericIplexus?
Answer:
I(Auerbach's)IMotorIinnervationItoImuscularIlayers,IcontrolsIdigestiveItractImotility