Usmle Focused Exam Review Questions and A Level Marking Scheme Latest 2024/2025
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Course
USMLE
Institution
USMLE
Usmle Focused Exam Review Questions and A Level Marking Scheme Latest 2024/2025
Is splitting a mature or immature defense mechanism? What is it? - correct answer immature. Frequently employed by patients with borderline personality disorder, everything is either "good or bad."
What do you ...
Usmle Focused Exam Review Questions and A
Level Marking Scheme Latest 2024/2025
Is splitting a mature or immature defense mechanism? What is
it? - correct answer immature. Frequently employed by
patients with borderline personality disorder, everything is either
"good or bad."
What do you do if you suspect child abuse? Ask the parents or
call child protective services? - correct answer call child
protective services immediately!
Psychologically speaking, what phenomenon is "white coat
syndrome" associated with? - correct answer classical
conditioning. In classical conditioning, a reflexive response
normally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus becomes evocable
by a second, formally neutral (conditioned) stimulus.
What three things can patients with bulimia develop (hint: one
isn't weight loss because bulimia doesn't work.)? - correct
answer (1) bilateral partodi gland enlargement
(2) erosion of tooth enamel*
(3) irregular menses
What is the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and what does it
indirectly measure? - correct answer pressure in the
pulmonary artey distal to the point of its occlusion by an inflated
intravascular balloon.
,Since there's no significant blood flow towards the left atrium
(la) beyong this point of occlusion, the pressure at the tip of the
"wedged" pulmonary artery catheter is an indirect measurement
of la pressure.
What would we expect, in a normal patient, the relationship to be
between la and lv pressure during diastole? - correct answer
we would expect them to be nearly equale (both <12) since the
open mitral valve offers minimal resistance to flow between the 2
chambers
What is the characteristic finding via cardiac catheterization in a
patient with mitral valve stenosis? I.e., if we see what value
elevated while the other remains normal, when do we think
"mitral valve stenosis." - correct answer cardiac
catheterization will reveal a la end diastolic pressure (via
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure) that is significantly greater
than the lv end diastolic pressure (lvedp).
This abnormal pressure gradient implies increased resistance to
flow between the la and lv, i.e., mitral valve stenosis.
Summarize the key points of pulmonary capillary wedge
pressures (pcwp) and how it helps us diagnose mitral valve
stenosis. - correct answer the pulmonary capillary wedge
pressure (pcwp) measures laedp. Under normal conditions, the
laedp is nearly equal to the lvedp. Mitral stenosis eleveates the
laedp and pcwp relative to the lvedp.
Generally speaking, regarding blood flow through our vessels,
the law of conservation of mass states that the total flow of mass
,into a contained system must be equal to the total outflow of
mass from that system in a steady state.
What equation helps us prove the following condition: to
maintain a constant fluid flow througha tube with varying
diametes, how are cross-sectional area and flow velocities
related? - correct answer volume in must equal volume out,
right? Vol(in) = a1 * v1 ; vol(out) = a2*v2
So any rearrangement of that equation holds true in a
physiological system.
A2 = a1*v1 / v2 for example, works.
This applies for blood flow in the cardiovascular system.
What do you think when you hear a patient who has a heart
murmur presenting with the following physical exam findings:
How does the pathophysiology of aortic regurgitation explain the
characteristic findings of these patients? And what are those
findings again (2 major ones)? - correct answer (1) bounding
femoral pulses;
(2) carotid pulsations with head-bobbing (de musset sign)
, There is a large lvsv, a large regurgitant sv, and a large pulse
pressure.
Bounding femoeral and carotid pulses marked by abrupt
distention and quick collapse ("water hammer" pulses) are the
result of large pulse pressure
The head bobbing is due to the transfer of mementum from htel
arge left ventricular stroke volume to the head and neck
What is the order of cardiac tissue conduction velocity from
*fastest* to *slowest*? - correct answer purkinje system
Atrial muscle
Ventricular muscle
Av node
What is the mnemonic to help you remember the order of cardiac
tissue conduction velocity? - correct answer p ark (purkinje's)
At (atria)
Vent ura (ventricles)
Av enue (av node)
Where does atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) come from? In
response to what? - correct answer atrial cardiomyocytes in
response to atrial stretch, it is a signifier of volume expansion
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