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BIO 201: Exam 3 Human Anatomy and Physiology I Study Guide with complete solutions |Latest 2024/2025 $11.49   Add to cart
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BIO 201: Exam 3 Human Anatomy and Physiology I Study Guide with complete solutions |Latest 2024/2025
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3 steps of how the nervous system functions 1. Sense organs receive info 2. Brain and spinal cord process this info 3. Brain and spinal cord issue commands to muscles and gland cells synaptic delay time from the arrival of a signal at the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell to the beginnin...

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  • October 8, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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BIO 201: Exam 3 Human Anatomy and
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Physiology I Study Guide with i- i- i- i- i-




complete solutions. i-




3 steps of how the nervous system functions
i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-i- i- 1. Sense organs receive
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info
2. Brain and spinal cord process this info
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3. Brain and spinal cord issue commands to muscles and gland cells
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synaptic delay time from the arrival of a signal at the axon terminal
i- i-i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-



of a presynaptic cell to the beginning of an action potential in the
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postsynaptic cell i-




2 main division of the nervous system and organs of each
i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-i- i- Central i-



Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
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Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, all the nervous system
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except brain and spinal cord)
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characteristics of an action potential i- i- i- i- i-i- i- -follows an all-or-none law and i- i- i- i- i-



thus are not graded
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-are nondecremental
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-are irreversible
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,nerve i-i- i- bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective
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tissue


ganglion knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are
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concentrated


neuron's refractory period i- i- i-i- i- refers to a small patch of the neuron's
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membrane at one time i- i- i-




ways in which muscle attach to bone
i- i- i- i- i- i- i-i- i- Indirect: tendons attach muscle i- i- i- i-



to bone
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Direct: fleshy attachment to bone i- i- i- i-




Some skeletal muscles do not insert on bone, but in dermis of the skin
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how tendons attach muscle to bone
i- collagen fibers fibers of endo-,
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peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon, the tendon merges into
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the periosteum of bone
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-aponeurosis: tendon is a broad, flat sheet i- i- i- i- i- i-




origin and insertion definition
i- i- i- i-i- i- Origin: bony attachment at stationary i- i- i- i- i-



end of muscle
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Insertion: bony attachment to mobile end of muscle i- i- i- i- i- i- i-

,functional groups of muscles with example i- i- i- i- i- i-i- i- for elbow flexion
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Prime mover (agonist): brachialis
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Synergist: biceps brachii i- i-




Antagonist: triceps brachii i- i-




Fixator: rhomboideus i-




intrinsic vs extrinsic musclesi- Intrinsic: contained within a region
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(both origin and insertion there)
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Extrinsic: act on a designated regions, but has origins elsewhere
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characteristics of muscle Responsiveness (excitability): to chemical
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signals, stretch and electrical changes across plasma membrane
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Conductivity: local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that
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travels along the muscle fiber
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Contractility: shortens when stimulated i- i- i-




Extensibility: capable of being stretched between contractions i- i- i- i- i- i-




Elasticity: returns to its original resting length after being stretched
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properties of skeletal muscle i- i- i- i-i- i- voluntary, straitaed muscle attached to i- i- i- i- i-



one or more bones
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myofiber i-i- i- muscle cell/muscle fiber, composed of myofibrils
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, myofibrils long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the
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interior of a muscle fiber, composed of myofilaments
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myofilament protein microfilament responsible for muscle cell i-i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-



contraction, composed of myosin or actin proteins i- i- i- i- i- i-




functions of each part of a muscle fiber i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-i- i- Sarcolemma: plasma i- i-



membrane of a muscle fiber i- i- i- i-




Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of a muscle fiber i- i- i- i- i-




Mitochondria: packed in spaces between myofibrils i- i- i- i- i-




Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): smooth ER that forms a network around i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i- i-



each myofibril-calcium reservoir
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Terminal cisternae: dilated end-sacs of SR which cross muscle fiber from
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one side to the other
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T tubules: tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through
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the cell and emerge on the other side
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Triad: a T tubule and 2 terminal cisterns
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Internal proteins: long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of
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the sarcoplasm
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Multiple nuclei: flattened nuclei pressed against the inside of the
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sarcolemma


Glycogen and Myoglobin functions Glycogen: stored in abundance
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to provide energy with heightened exercise
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