First way to interpret motivation - ANSWERconcise one-word description of long-term pattern behavior allowing us to make predictions about human behavior.
-example: motivated student, employee or parent
Second way to interpret motivation - ANSWERit is inherent to the individual; "motivation" is...
First way to interpret motivation - ANSWERconcise one-word description of long-term pattern
behavior allowing us to make predictions about human behavior.
-example: motivated student, employee or parent
Second way to interpret motivation - ANSWERit is inherent to the individual; "motivation" is a mental
essence existing inside the individual, explaining why they behave the way they do.
-example: an employees motivation is responsible for vocational success
mentalistic explanations of behavior - ANSWERexplanations that put the cause of behavior in the
individual's vaguely defined mind
why is mentalistic explanations rejected? - ANSWER-the explanation is circular
- if motivation is conceptualized as a mental essence
motivating operations - ANSWERAn environmental and/or biological event that 1) temporary early
alters the value of a specific reinforcer 2) increases/decreases the probability of behaviors yielding
that reinforcer
characteristics of motivating operations - ANSWER-observable event
-measured by behavioral or biological scientists
-not a mental essence
-temporarily alters the value of a reinforcer
- increases or decreases behaviors yielding that reinforcer
2 kinds of motivating operations - ANSWERestablishing operation and abolishing operation
, establishing operation - ANSWERan environmental and/or biological event that 1) temporarily
increases the value of a specific reinforcer and 2) increases the probability of behaviors yielding that
reinforcer
-example: food deprivation
abolishing operation - ANSWER1) temporarily decreases the value of a specific reinforcer and 2)
decreases the probability of behaviors yielding that reinforcer
-example: stomach full of food - releases hormone that tells brain it is satisfied
2 approaches to assessing stimuli likely to function as reinforcers - ANSWER-reinforcer survey
-stimulus preference assessment method
reinforcer survey - ANSWERa structured interview or written survey that asks the individual to
identify highly preferred activities
stimulus preference assessment - ANSWERa rank-ordered list of preferred stimuli is obtained by
observing choices between those stimuli
-potential reinforcer are presented and the individual chooses the one they like the most.
-helps establish effective reinforcers in nonhuman animals
preference hierarchy - ANSWERa list of stimuli rank ordered from most to least preferred
Premack Principle - ANSWERaccess to a high-probability behavior will function as a reinforcer when
made contingent upon a low-probability behavior
-example: the high-probability behavior RUNNING will reinforce the low-probability behavior
DRINKING
-example: If I clip my fingernails for 90 seconds (low-probability behavior) Then I can study for an
hour (higher-probability behavior)
Ways to measure reinforcer efficacy - ANSWER-choice (people choose the stronger reinforcer for
them)
-breakpoint
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