SCIE 1P51 EXAM 2023 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What is science? - ANSWERS- Word science comes from the Latin word Scientia, knowledge, and sire (to know)
- Knowledge deprived form observation, study, and experimentation carried out to determine the nature or principles of what being studied
- Knowl...
What is science? - ANSWERS- Word science comes from the Latin word Scientia, knowledge, and sire (to
know)
- Knowledge deprived form observation, study, and experimentation carried out to determine the nature
or principles of what being studied
- Knowledge of nature and the physical world
- A process for helping us verify the reliability of knowledge
Scientific method - ANSWERS- A technique for testing ideas with observations
- Assumptions: the universe works according to unchanging natural laws, events arise from causes and
cause other events, we use our senses to understand natures law
The process of science - ANSWERS- A good hypothesis makes a prediction
- Experiment: variable (factor that influences a process), control group (something not altered)
- Theory: integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses, solid ground of science, accepted as true
Characteristics of science - ANSWERS- Does not have to be exact
- Two main branches: quantitative (make exact measurements) and qualitative (describes and classifies)
Rise of science - ANSWERS-Early scientists termed philosophers
-lots of discussion about nature and matter but no experiments to prove or disprove their thinking
School ~> academy ~> University - ANSWERS- Socrates, 470 - 399 BCE (before common era)
- Plato 427 - 347 BCE
- Aristotle 384 - 322 BCE
,Scientists - ANSWERS- William Whewell 1794 - 1866
- Defined a scientist in 1833
- Before this time people who studied science were called "natural philosophers"
From scientific observations to new ways of living - ANSWERS- Historical examples of scientific
methodology
- Disease intervention
smallpox - ANSWERS- Variola virus
- Caused more deaths compared to any other microorganism
- ~ 10,000 - 3,000 BCE
- Symptoms last about 12 days
-Death rate about 30-50% of cases
Smallpox symptoms - ANSWERS- Pustules on skin and eyes
- Scaring
- Blindness
- Infertility
Smallpox detection (who and when) - ANSWERS- Mohammed Ibn Zakariya al-Razi wrote on distinction
between smallpox and measles in the 9th century several outbreaks in Baghdad
Smallpox death facts - ANSWERS- More than a third of Iceland population (20,000) died in 1241
- Paris in 1773 more than 40,000 deaths
- By 1700 about 500,000 died from smallpox in Europe
Lady Mary Montagu and smallpox - ANSWERS- Born in London 1689 - 1762
- Went to Istanbul and brother died of smallpox
- She survived
, - When she was in turkey, she noticed the Turkish people often did not get the disease
- Used the technique of variolation (Smallpox pus and scabs were place into the veins and sealed; they
had mild symptoms but healed with minimal scaring. They then had immunity)
- She had her 6-year-old variolated in turkey by an embassy doctor
- They returned to England in 1721 to a smallpox outbreak
- She told others to get variolated to help outbreak
- Had her daughter publicly variolated
- Royal doctor wanted more data before doing it to the royals, so he did clinical trials in the prisons
- 6 men and woman were vaccinated then put in a room with people with smallpox and they were never
affected
- The royals then variolated their children
- This technique then become a disease fighting technique
Edward Jenner and smallpox - ANSWERS- Edward Jenner 1749 - 1823
- Apprenticed age 13 to surgeon
- Variolated age 8
- At 21 went to London
- 1772 returned to Berkeley Oxfordshire
- Notices that milkmaids didn't get smallpox's instead they got cowpox's
- He made observations that they had immunity to smallpox after having cowpox's
- May 14th 1796, 8-year-old James Phipps is injected with pus from a milkmaid suffering from cowpox
- Jenner followed the boy's health get worse then quickly recover and the skin goes back to normal
- They then expose him to smallpox and there was no reaction at all
- This then was repeated with several others to prove the vaccination
- This was then created and processes as vaccine
Vacca = cow in Latin
- This was then commonly done, and people are charging to get it done
- He published his findings in 1798
- It was sent all over the world
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