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PSYC 1000 Chapter 2 Notes

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This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Chapter 2; Methods of Psychology. *Essential Study Material!!

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  • October 6, 2024
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Psychology
Chapter 2: Methods of Psychology
Textbook: Psychology (8th Edition) by Peter Gray & David F. Bjorklund


Vocabulary:
Observation: particular behaviors or reliable patterns of people or animals
Theory: an idea, or a conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing observations and make
predictions about new observations
Variable: anything that can change dierent values
Independent Variable: the variable that is hypothesized to cause an eect on another variable
Dependent variable: the variable that is hypothesized to be aected
Autism: a disorder characterized by a decit in the ability to perform emotional bonds and to
communicate with others. Can start before age 3.
Materialism: Hobbes's theory that nothing exists but matter and energy

Types of Research Strategies:
- research design includes experiments, correlational studies, and descriptive studies
Correlational study: a study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable but observed or
measures two or more existing dependent variables and nd relationships
- correlation does not imply causality (can’t make real conclusions to correlation studies)
- data that is plotted in numeric outcomes are correlation coefficients
Descriptive study: describe the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without assessing
relationships between dierent variables
- some descriptive studies are narrow in focus, concentrating on one specic aspect of behavior
and others are broad, aiming to learn as much as possible about the habits of the particular
group


Research Settings:
- the setting in where the study is conducted, there are 2 types: eld and laboratory
Laboratory study: any research study in which the subjects are brought to a specially designated area
that has been set up to facilitate the researchers collection of data or control over environmental
conditions (where the researcher has control over the subjects experiences)
Pros: laboratory studies allows more data to be collected in more controlled and organized conditions
Cons: the articiality of the laboratory may create behaviors that conceal what the research wants to
study

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