Industry vs. Inferiority (stage 4) 6-12 - Answer✔✔-The child now enters the school age (6-12) and is
enmeshed in the "world" of school and opportunities for new types of mastery. As children develop their
abilities in new skills and tasks, they desire recognition gained from producing things. Through this, they
develop a sense of industry and a lasting ego quality of competence. Unsuccessful resolution of this
stage leads to life long feelings of inferiority and inadequacy.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (stage 5) 12-18 - Answer✔✔-As the child approaches adolescence (12-18 or
so), physical and hormonal changes mark the beginning of puberty. Rapid growth and physical genital
maturity disrupt the earlier continuity of childhood. This stage is perhaps the most important for Erikson,
as the adolescent must now forge a lasting ego identity through aligning his or her basic dries,
endowments, and opportunities. A sense of ego identity is "the accrued confidence that ones ability to
maintain inner sameness and continuity...is matched by the sameness and continuity of ones meaning
for others. Thus, self-esteem grows to be a conviction that one is learning effective steps toward a
tangible future, that one is developing a defined personality within a social reality which one
understands. As the adolescent struggles to integrate past and future views of self and begins to define
new appropriate sex roles, an identity crisis may emerge from this confusion. New expectations from
parents may add to this stress. Tolerance, understanding, and guidance in the home can assist the
adolescent in achieving an integrated identity. Unsuccessful resolution can result in either role confusion
or identity diffusion, a state in which the individual is left with strong doubts about who he or she "is."
This may lead to delinquency, psychotic incidents, or over-identification with others. Youths who emerge
with a strong sense of identity and individuality gain a lasting ego quality of fidelity or freely pledges
loyalties.
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