Understanding Pathophysiology Chapter 4 Altered Ce
Understanding Pathophysiology Chapter 4 Altered Ce
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Understanding Pathophysiology Chapter 4 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
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Understanding Pathophysiology Chapter 4 Altered Ce
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Understanding Pathophysiology Chapter 4 Altered Ce
Physiologic (adaptive) - answer-Reversible changes in cell size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or function of cells
Atrophy - answer-Decrease in cellular size
Hypertrophy - answer-Increase in cellular size
Hyperplasia - answer-Increase in number of cells
Dysplasia - answer-Dera...
UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 4 ALTERED CELLULAR
AND TISSUE BIOLOGY
Physiologic (adaptive) - answer-Reversible changes in cell size, number, phenotype, metabolic
activity, or function of cells
Atrophy - answer-Decrease in cellular size
Hypertrophy - answer-Increase in cellular size
Hyperplasia - answer-Increase in number of cells
Dysplasia - answer-Deranged cellular growth
Metaplasia - answer-Replacement of one type of cell with another
Cellular Injury - answer-Occurs if cell unable to maintain homeostasis
Reversible
Cells recover
Irreversible
Cells die
Hypoxic injury - answer-Single most common cause of cellular injury
Results from: Reduced amount of oxygen in the air
Loss of hemoglobin or decreased efficacy of hemoglobin
Decreased production of red blood cells
Diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Poisoning of the oxidative enzymes (cytochromes) within the cells
Ischemia - answer-Most common cause of hypoxia
(reduced blood supply)
Ischemia-reperfusion injury - answer-Additional injury that can be caused by restoration of blood
flow and oxygen
Mechanisms:
Oxidative stress
Increased intracellular calcium
Inflammation
Complement activation
Anoxia - answer-Total lack of oxygen
Decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange
Cellular swelling
Vacuolation
Reperfusion injury - answer-What is the cellular response of cells after hypoxic injury?
Oxidative stress - answer-Occurs when excess ROS overwhelm endogenous antioxidant systems
, UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 4 ALTERED CELLULAR
AND TISSUE BIOLOGY
Free radical - answer-electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species - answer-These two things cause these to happen:
Lipid peroxidation
Alteration of proteins
Alteration of DNA
Mitochondria
Lipid peroxidation - answer-destruction of polyunsaturated lipids, leading to membrane damage
and increased permeability
Mitochondria - answer-Damage to this results in the failure of oxydative phosphorylation and
ROS to damaged cellular components
Chemical injury causing things - answer-Xenobiotics:
Carbon tetrachloride
Lead
Carbon monoxide
Ethanol
Mercury
Social or street drugs
Xenobiotics - answer-include toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals
Direct damage by chemical agents - answer-Chemicals and drugs injure cells by combining
directly with critical molecular substances
Chemotherapeutic drugs
Drugs of abuse
Hypersensitivity reactions by chemical agents - answer-Range from mild skin rashes to immune-
mediated organ failure
Unintentional and Intentional Injuries - answer-More common among men and higher rates
among blacks
Includes:
Blunt force injuries
Sharp force injuries
Gunshot wounds
Asphyxial injuries
Blunt force injuries - answer-Result of application of mechanical force to body
Results in tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues
Motor vehicle accidents and falls
Contusions
Lacerations
Fractures
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