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Pathoma: GI (Questions & Complete Solutions) - 100%
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Pathoma: GI (Questions & Complete Solutions) - 100%
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Pathoma: GI (Questions & Complete Solutions) - 100%What is an aphthous ulcer? Right Ans - Painful superficial ulceration
related to stress
Resolves spontaneously but often recurs
Characterized by grayish base surrounded by erythema
Behcet syndrome Right Ans - Recurrent aphthous ulcer, genital ulcers, and
uveitis.
Due to immune complex vasculitis involving small vessels
Can be seen after viral infection
What are the major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma? Right Ans -
tobacco and alcohol
What is hairy leukoplakia? Right Ans - White, rough, hair patch that arises
on lateral tongue
Seen in immunocompromised individuals
Due to EBV-induced squamous cell hyperplasia
Not premalignant
What is sialadenitis? Right Ans - inflammation of salivary gland
Most commonly due to obstructing stone, leading to Staph aureus infection
Usually unilateral
What is a pleomorphic adenoma? Right Ans - benign tumor composed to
stromal and epithelial tissue
most common salivary gland tumor
High rate of recurrence
Usually arises in parotid, presents as mobile, painless, circumscribed mass at
jaw angle
Rarely transforms into carcinoma (which presents with signs of facial nerve
damage)
What is a warthin tumor? Right Ans - benign cystic tumor with abundant
lymphocytes and germinal centers (lymph node like stroma)
Always arises in parotid
Second most common salivary gland tumor
,What is a mucoepidermoid carcinoma? Right Ans - Mmalignant tumor
composed of mucinous and squamous cells.
Arises in parotid, Commonly involves facial nerve
Most common malignant tumor of salivary gland
What is the most common malignant tumor of salivary gland? Right Ans -
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
What is an esophageal web? Right Ans - Thin protrustion of mucosa
Most often in upper esophagus
Dysphagia
Increased risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
What are the characteristics of Plummer-Vinson syndrome? Right Ans - 1.
severe iron deficiency anemia
2. esophageal web
3. beefy red tongue due to atrophic glossitis
What is Zenker diveritculum? Right Ans - Outpouching of pharyngeal
mucosa through an acquired defect in the muscular wall.
Arises above the UES at the junction of esophagus and pharynx
Presents with dysphagia, obstruction, and halitosis
What is Mallory-Weiss syndrome? Right Ans - Longitudinal laceation of
mucosa at GE junction, caused by severe vomiting (alcoholism or bulimia)
Painful hematemesis
Risk of Boerhaave Syndrome
What are esophageal varices? Right Ans - dilated submucosal veins in
lower esophagus
Arises secondary to portal hypertension
Asymptomatic (risk of rupture exists)
Most common cause of death in cirrhosis
Painless hematemesis
What is the most common cause of death in cirrhosis? Right Ans - ruptured
esophageal varices
, What is achalasia? Right Ans - disordered esophageal motility with
inability to relax the LES. Due to damaged ganglion cells in myenteric plexus
What are the clinical features of GERD? Right Ans - 1. heartburn
2. adult onset asthma and cough
3. damage to enamel of teeth
4. ulceration with stricture and Barrett esophagus are late complications
What is adenocarcinoma of esophagus? Right Ans - malignant proliferation
of glands
most common type in the West.
Lower 1/3 of esophagus
Arises from preexisting Barrett esophagus
What is squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus? Right Ans - malignant
proliferation of squamous cells
most common worldwide
upper or middle third of esophagus
What are the risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus? Right
Ans - 1. alcohol and tobacco
2. very hot tea
3. achalasia
4. esophageal web
5. esophageal injury (lye ingestion)
What are the symptoms of esophageal carcinoma? Right Ans - 1.
progressive dysphagia
2. weight loss
3. pain
4. hematemesis
What is the lymph node spread for upper 1/3 of esophagus? Right Ans -
cervical
What is the lymph node spread for middle 1/3 of esophagus? Right Ans -
mediastinal or tracheobronchial
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