Exam (elaborations)
Pathoma: Respiratory – Questions & Answers (100%)
- Course
- Institution
Pathoma: Respiratory – Questions & Answers (100%)
[Show more]
Content preview
Pathoma: Respiratory – Questions & Answers (100%)What is rhinitis? Right Ans - Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Adenovirus = most common cause
Presents with sneezing, congestion, and runny nose (common cold)
What is allergic rhinitis? Right Ans - Due to type 1 hypersensitivity (ex =
due to pollen)
Characterized by inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils
Associated with asthma and eczema
What is a nasal polyp? Right Ans - Protrusion of edematous, inflamed nasal
mucosa
Usually secondary to repeated bouts of rhinitis
Also occurs in cystic fibrosis and ASA-intolerant asthma (aspirin intolerant
asthma)*** (HIGH YIELD)
What is angiofibroma? Right Ans - Benign tumor of nasal mucosa
composed of large blood vessels and fibrous tissue
Only seen in adolescent males***
Presents with profuse epistaxis
What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma? Right Ans - Malignant tumor of
nasopharyngeal epithelium
Associated with EBV; classically seen in African children and Chinese adults**
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes usually seen
Biopsy = pleomorphic keratin-pos epithelial cells in background of
lymphocytes
What is acute epiglottitis? Right Ans - Inflammation of epiglottis
Most common cause in both immunized and non-immunized children = H.
influenza type b
High fever, sore throat, drooling with dysphagia, muffled voice, and
inspiratory stridor
Risk of acute airway obstruction** = medical emergency
What is laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)? Right Ans - Inflammation of the
upper airway
Most common cause = parainfluenza virus
,Present with hoarse "barking" cough and inspiratory stridor
What is vocal cord nodule (Singer's nodule)? Right Ans - Nodule that arise
on vocal
Due to excessive use, usually bilateral (wear and tear)
Composed of degenerative (myxoid) connective tissue
Presents with hoarseness; resolves with rest
What is laryngeal papilloma? Right Ans - Benign papillary tumor of vocal
cord
Due to HPV 6 and 11***
Single in adults and multiple in children
Presents with hoarseness
What is laryngeal carcinoma? Right Ans - Squamous cell carcinoma arising
from epithelial lining of vocal cord
Risk factors = alcohol and tobacco
Presents with hoarseness; other signs include cough and stridor
Rarely arises from laryngeal papilloma
What is pneumonia? Right Ans - Infection of the lung parenchyma
Occurs when normal defenses are impaired (ex = cough reflex, damage to
mucociliary elevator (cilia on resp epithelium) due to virus, mucus plugging)
Present with: fever and chills, cough with yellow-green (pus) or rusty sputum
(blood), tachypnea with pleuritic chest pain (d/t bradykinin and
prostaglandin E2), decreased breath sounds with dullness to percussion,
elevated WBC count
How is pneumonia diagnosed? Right Ans - -CXR
-sputum gram stain and culture
-blood culture
-3 patterns seen on CXR:
-lobar pneumonia = pneumonia in one lobe
-bronchopneumonia = patchy along small airways
-interstitial pneumonia = inflammation in interstitium (CT of alveolar air sac)
= inc in lung markings
-lobar + broncho = bacterial
, -interstitial = usually not bacterial; viral
What is bronchopneumonia? Right Ans - Scattered patchy consolidation
centered around bronchioles (multifocal and bilateral)
Caused by bacterial organisms
What is lobar pneumonia? Right Ans - Consolidation of entire lobe
Most common cause = S. pneumoniae (95%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae**
Gross Phases: 1) Congestion 2) Red Hepatization 3) Gray Hepatization 4)
Resolution
What is interstitial pneumonia (aytpical)? Right Ans - Diffuse interstitial
infiltrates
Presents with relatively mild upper respiratory symptoms (min. sputum, low
fever)
Causes by bacteria or viruses
What is lobar penumonia? Right Ans - Consolidation of entire lobe
Usually bacterial (most common cause = S. pneumoniae (95%) and Klebsiella
pneumoniae**
Histology = airsacs filled with neutrophils + pink fluffy material
Four gross phases:
1) Congestion - due to congested blood vessels and edema
2) Red Hepatization - due to exudate, neutrophils, hemorrhage filling the
alveolar air spaces, giving the normally spongy lung a solid consistency
3) Gray Hepatization - due to degredation of red cells within exudate
4) resolution of exudate - lung heals by regenerating (type 2 pneumocytes)
What is bronchopneumonia? Right Ans - Scattered patchy consolidation
centered around bronchioles
Often multifocal and bilateral
Caused by variety of bacteria
Most common cause - S. aureus
What is interstitial pneumonia (aytpical)? Right Ans - Diffuse interstitial
infiltrates
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller LeCrae. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
72042 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now