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Pathoma: Respiratory – Questions & Answers (100%)
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Pathoma: Respiratory – Questions & Answers (100%)
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Pathoma: Respiratory – Questions & Answers (100%)What is rhinitis? Right Ans - Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Adenovirus = most common cause
Presents with sneezing, congestion, and runny nose (common cold)
What is allergic rhinitis? Right Ans - Due to type 1 hypersensitivity (ex =
due to pollen)
Characterized by inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils
Associated with asthma and eczema
What is a nasal polyp? Right Ans - Protrusion of edematous, inflamed nasal
mucosa
Usually secondary to repeated bouts of rhinitis
Also occurs in cystic fibrosis and ASA-intolerant asthma (aspirin intolerant
asthma)*** (HIGH YIELD)
What is angiofibroma? Right Ans - Benign tumor of nasal mucosa
composed of large blood vessels and fibrous tissue
Only seen in adolescent males***
Presents with profuse epistaxis
What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma? Right Ans - Malignant tumor of
nasopharyngeal epithelium
Associated with EBV; classically seen in African children and Chinese adults**
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes usually seen
Biopsy = pleomorphic keratin-pos epithelial cells in background of
lymphocytes
What is acute epiglottitis? Right Ans - Inflammation of epiglottis
Most common cause in both immunized and non-immunized children = H.
influenza type b
High fever, sore throat, drooling with dysphagia, muffled voice, and
inspiratory stridor
Risk of acute airway obstruction** = medical emergency
What is laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)? Right Ans - Inflammation of the
upper airway
Most common cause = parainfluenza virus
,Present with hoarse "barking" cough and inspiratory stridor
What is vocal cord nodule (Singer's nodule)? Right Ans - Nodule that arise
on vocal
Due to excessive use, usually bilateral (wear and tear)
Composed of degenerative (myxoid) connective tissue
Presents with hoarseness; resolves with rest
What is laryngeal papilloma? Right Ans - Benign papillary tumor of vocal
cord
Due to HPV 6 and 11***
Single in adults and multiple in children
Presents with hoarseness
What is laryngeal carcinoma? Right Ans - Squamous cell carcinoma arising
from epithelial lining of vocal cord
Risk factors = alcohol and tobacco
Presents with hoarseness; other signs include cough and stridor
Rarely arises from laryngeal papilloma
What is pneumonia? Right Ans - Infection of the lung parenchyma
Occurs when normal defenses are impaired (ex = cough reflex, damage to
mucociliary elevator (cilia on resp epithelium) due to virus, mucus plugging)
Present with: fever and chills, cough with yellow-green (pus) or rusty sputum
(blood), tachypnea with pleuritic chest pain (d/t bradykinin and
prostaglandin E2), decreased breath sounds with dullness to percussion,
elevated WBC count
How is pneumonia diagnosed? Right Ans - -CXR
-sputum gram stain and culture
-blood culture
-3 patterns seen on CXR:
-lobar pneumonia = pneumonia in one lobe
-bronchopneumonia = patchy along small airways
-interstitial pneumonia = inflammation in interstitium (CT of alveolar air sac)
= inc in lung markings
-lobar + broncho = bacterial
, -interstitial = usually not bacterial; viral
What is bronchopneumonia? Right Ans - Scattered patchy consolidation
centered around bronchioles (multifocal and bilateral)
Caused by bacterial organisms
What is lobar pneumonia? Right Ans - Consolidation of entire lobe
Most common cause = S. pneumoniae (95%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae**
Gross Phases: 1) Congestion 2) Red Hepatization 3) Gray Hepatization 4)
Resolution
What is interstitial pneumonia (aytpical)? Right Ans - Diffuse interstitial
infiltrates
Presents with relatively mild upper respiratory symptoms (min. sputum, low
fever)
Causes by bacteria or viruses
What is lobar penumonia? Right Ans - Consolidation of entire lobe
Usually bacterial (most common cause = S. pneumoniae (95%) and Klebsiella
pneumoniae**
Histology = airsacs filled with neutrophils + pink fluffy material
Four gross phases:
1) Congestion - due to congested blood vessels and edema
2) Red Hepatization - due to exudate, neutrophils, hemorrhage filling the
alveolar air spaces, giving the normally spongy lung a solid consistency
3) Gray Hepatization - due to degredation of red cells within exudate
4) resolution of exudate - lung heals by regenerating (type 2 pneumocytes)
What is bronchopneumonia? Right Ans - Scattered patchy consolidation
centered around bronchioles
Often multifocal and bilateral
Caused by variety of bacteria
Most common cause - S. aureus
What is interstitial pneumonia (aytpical)? Right Ans - Diffuse interstitial
infiltrates
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