BIO 116 Final Exam Questions And Answers With
Verified Study Solutions
The transcription of what molecule is similar to leading strand synthesis in DNA replication?
A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) Primer
E) Ribosomes
A
What statement regarding prokaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes is incorrect?
A) Most bacteria have a single, circular chromosome, while prokaryotic chromosomes can occur
singly or in pairs.
B) Prokaryotic chromosomes are located in the nucleus, which the prokaryotic chromosome is
located in the Periplasm.
C) Histone proteins are wound around prokaryotic chromosomes, whereas histonelike proteins
surround the bacterial chromosome.
D) Prokaryotic chromosomes can number from a few to several hundred, while prokaryotes typically
have one chromosome.
E) The chromosomes of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are subdivided into genes.
B
What is a genotype?
composition of alleles inherited from parents
What are alleles?
alternative versions of a gene
What is a phenotype?
observed characteristics; influenced by genotype & environment
What is a gene?
an organized region of DNA that when transcribed results in "functional product"
Archibald Garrod made the first connection between __________ and __________
heredity, metabolism
Transcription is...
making a copy of the DNA information found in a gene
What form is the transcription copy in?
,RNA
Why is it good th
__________ are the site of translating ____________ language to ___________language
Ribosomes, nucleic acid, amino acid
In __________, there is no barrier between transcription & translation
bacteria
In bacteria, translation and transcription are __________
coupled
In _______________, a nuclear memebrane separates transcription and translation
eukaryotes
In ___________, translation and transcription are coupled most of the time, but there are some
mRNA modifications
archaea
In ___________, RNA is processed and modified in between transcription and translation
eukaryotes
What are the three steps of transcription?
Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
In transcription, RNA is produced by _______________?
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to _______ of growing RNA molecule
3'-OH
When RNA is processed in between transcription and translation, what is added?
5' cap and poly-A tail
What is the purpose of adding the 5' cap and pol-A tail?
They protect mRNA from enzymes, help get the message out of the nucleus, and help the ribosome
bind for translation.
Non-coding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences are called....
introns
Regions of nucleic acid that are eventually expressed are called...
exons
,Archaea have introns in some genes. True or False?
True
Introns are removed _______ RNA leaves nucleus
before
_____________removes introns from a transcribed mRNA
Spliceosome
What is alternative splicing?
A process in which the same mRNA transcript can be used to produce slightly different polypeptides
Through alternative splicing, ______ ______can code for ________ __________with slightly
different structures
one gene, multiple polypeptides
Alternative splicing increase the size of a cell's ________ while ___________ the size of the
___________
proteome, maintaining, genome
Cells decode mRNAs by reading their nucleotides in groups of ________, called ________
3, codons
What does it mean that genetic code is universal?
with minor exceptions, virtually all species use the same genetic code for protein synthesis.
How many codons/triplets code for amino acids?
61
Which are bigger? Eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes or prokaryotic, mitochondria, and chloroplast
ribosomes
Eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes
Until mRNA exits the nucleus, the ribosomal subunits are _________
separate
tRNA takes on a complex 3D structure because __________ __________ __________ form between
nucleotides in different parts of the molecule.
complementary base pairs
Complementary base pairs make tRNA have double-stranded regions and loops, folding the tRNA
into an ____ shape.
L
, The loop extending from the end of the tRNA opposite of the 5'/3' end is called the _____________
anticodon
The tRNA anticodon is _____________ to a _________mRNA codon
complementary, specific
The protruding 3' end of the tRNA acts as an ________ ___________ __________ ________
amino acid attachment site
What must occur before the initiation of translation?
mRNA must leave the nucleus
What is the first step of translation initiation?
the small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA
What is the second step of translation initiation?
initiator tRNA binds at -AUG- codon
What is the third step of translation initiation?
large ribosomal subunit binds to form translation initiation complex
Assembly of the translation initiation complex requires ________
energy(FTP)
What is the first step of elongation?(Translation)
codon recognition
What is the second step of elongation?(Translation)
peptide bond formation
What is the third step of elongation?(Translation)
Translocation
In the codon recognition step of translation, the __________(1 word) of an incoming tRNA
_________(2 words) with the ____________ (1 word) mRNA codon in the _____-site of the
ribosome
anticodon, base pairs, complementary, A
In the peptide bond formation step of translation, a rRNA molecule of the _______ ribsomal sub-unit
__________ the formation of a peptide bond between the ____________(2 words) of the new amino
acid in the A-site and the _______________(2 words) of the growing polypeptide in the P-site
large, catalyzes, amino group, carboxyl end
