Exam (elaborations)
Cancer staging and grading Questions and Answers 2024
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Cancer staging and grading
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Cancer staging and gradingWhat is the stage? – answer This refers to how much the cancer has grown and spread
What is the grade? - answer Looking at the cancer on the microscope and deciding how
advanced it is and how well it will respond to treatment. Appearance of cancerous cells.
What is a carcinoma? - answer Cells that line the body surfaces or line a gland. (skin,
gut lining, cervix, mouth, airways)
What is a sarcoma? - answer Arise in cells of connective tissue, like bones and
muscles.
What is a leukemia/lymphoma? - answer Cells of the bone marrow and lymph glands.
Leukemia - cancer of cells that make white blood cells.
Why are cancers staged? - answer- Helps doctors advise on treatment
- gives an indication of prognosis
- Standardized language for discussion between doctors.
- Allows determination of whether treatment is palliative or curative.
What is stage 1? - answerTumour is confined to a primary organ. It tends to be
operable.
What is stage 2? - answerLocal spread into surrounding tissue and lymph nodes.
Should be operable but higher risk of spread.
What is stage 3? - answerExtensive primary. Fixation to deeper structures. l0cal
invasion. May require combined therapy.
What is stage 4? - answerdistant metastases beyond the site of origin. Surgically
inoperable.
What is the grade described as? - answerThe grade can either by low, intermediate or
high. This is based on a biopsy of the cancer.
Low: cells look similar to normal, not spreading quickly.
High: Cells look very abnormal. fast growing and spreads very quickly.
What is the TNM classification of cancer? - answerT - tumour (how far its grown locally)
N - Nodes (has it spread to local lymph nodes?)
M - Metasteses (Has it spread to distant sites?)
A number is given to each of the above. 1=the best 4=the worst.
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