NUR 280 PATHO EXAM ACTUAL EXAM 250
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
(100% CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED A+
Pathophysiology - ANSWERstudy of changes of cells, tissues, and organs of the body
that cause or are caused by disease or pathological changes
changes are borth structural and functional
Etiology - ANSWERcause of disease
Pathogenesis - ANSWERdevelopment of disease
Morphology - ANSWERMorphologic changes (gross and microscopic)
Histology (the study of the cells and extracellular matrix)
Clinical Manifestations - ANSWERsigns and symptoms
What's the difference between signs and symptoms? - ANSWERSymptom →
subjective; what the patient says or describes
Sign → objective; provides supportive data
Diagnosis - ANSWERdeveloped by weighing possibilities and selecting the most likely
one responsible for the cause of the health problem
Clinical Course - ANSWERAcute
Subacute
Chronic: generally longer than 3 months
Etiological Factors - ANSWERcauses of disease; examples...
Biological agents (ex. bacteria, virus)
Physical forces (ex. trauma, burns, radiation)
Chemical agents (ex. pisons, alcohol)
Nutritional abnormalities (ex. excess or deficit of nutrients)
Factors Impacting Adaptation to Stress - ANSWERAge
,Health status
Psychosocial resources
Ability to adapt (quick versus slow)
Availability of adaptive responses along with the ability of the body to select the
appropriate response needed
Cross-Sectional Studies - ANSWERuse the simultaneous collection of information to
classify exposure and outcome status
Case-Control Studies - ANSWERcompare case subjects to control subjects
Cohort Studies - ANSWERinvolve groups born approximately at the same time or who
share some characteristics of interest
Validity - ANSWERextent to which the measurement tool measures what it is supposed
to measure
Example: BP (palpated versus arterial line)
*Ask yourself: can I rely on this tool?
Reliability - ANSWERextent to which an observation if repeated gives the same results
Example: calibration of instruments
Sensitivity - ANSWERproportion of people who are positive for the diagnosis
Example: true positive for strep throat
Specificity - ANSWERproportion of people without the disease who are negative for the
test
Example: true negative
95% specificity = the test correctly identifies 95 out of 100 of normal people (meaning
that 5% are false positives)
Epidemiology - ANSWERthe study of disease occurrence
Disease Case - ANSWEReither existing or new episodes of disease
Incidence - ANSWERnumber of new cases in a population at risk at a specific time
,Reported as #NEW per 100,000 people
Prevalence - ANSWERmeasures existing disease in a population at a specific time
Reported as #PER 100 or #PER 1,000
Morbidity - ANSWERLife-long or chronic
Impact of illness on a person's life
Incidence
Long-term impact of the disease
Mortality - ANSWERcause of death in a population
Primary Prevention - ANSWERremoving risk factors to prevent the disease process
Example: immunizations
Secondary Prevention - ANSWERdetecting the disease early; asymptomatic or early
disease where treatment can cure or prevent progression
Example: Pap smears, smoking cessation
Tertiary Prevention - ANSWERpreventing further worsening (deterioration) or reduce
complications of a disease process
Example: antibiotics, support groups (AA) for substance abuse disorder
Question #1: The mechanism of high blood pressure is an example of ____________?
A. Physiology
B. Pathology
C. Pathophysiology - ANSWER(C) pathophysiology
Question #2: Is the following statement true or false? Reliability is the extent to which
the measurement tool measures what it is supposed to measure - ANSWERFalse,
because that definition is for validity. Reliability is the extent to which an observation if
repeated gives the same results
Question #3: Which of the following best describes the term etiology?
A. The study of disease progression
B. The study of disease causes
C. The study of disease populations
D. The study of disease resolution - ANSWER(B) the study of disease causes
Question #4: Which of the following best describes the progression of a disease?
A. Clinical course
, B. Prognosis
C. Diagnosis
D. Plan of care - ANSWER(A) clinical course
Homeostasis is responsible for... (Name 9 Things) - ANSWERConductivity
Reproduction
Excretion
Metabolic absorption
Communication
Oxygen absorption
Movement
Secretion
Electrical impulses
Atrophy - ANSWERcellular "shrinkage" or decrease in size of a cell
Causes of Atrophy - ANSWERDisuse
Denervation
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Inadequate nutrition
Ischemia (decrease in blood flow)
Example: stroke, spinal cord injury
Hypertrophy - ANSWERcellular "enlargement" or increase in size of a cell
Causes of Hypertrophy - ANSWERIncreased workload
Lack of adaptability
*Hypertrophy can be good or bad depending on the circumstance. Increase muscles are
good, but enlargement of the heart is bad
Hyperplasia - ANSWERIncrease in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
Causes of Hyperplasia - ANSWERActivation of a gene controlling cell replication and
growth
Example: prostate enlargement
Metaplasia - ANSWERchange in cell shape
reversible, but if not stopped, can lead to pre-cancerous or cancerous growths
Dysplasia - ANSWERaltered cellular growth and nucleic division
can be pre-cancerous or cancerous
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