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psych 217 A Grade exam 2024 with Questions and 100% Correct Verified Answers| Latest Update
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psych 217 A Grade exam 2024 withQuestions and 100% Correct Verified
Answers| Latest Update
What is the main distinction between ontogeny and phylogeny? - Answer They occur
on vastly different time scales
The Co-Emergence Hypothesis - Answer A self-concept and empathy are linked
and emerge in individuals around the same time.
What is De Waal's view of dolphins? - Answer He believes they are a part of the
cognitive elite of animals. He also believes they have empathy and a self-concept.
Self-Contingency Testing - Answer When an organism views itself in a mirror and
does various motions, checking to see if the being in the reflection is contingent to
their movements.
What does self-contingency testing indicate when observed in a species? - Answer It
shows that a species has a self-concept and can recognize that their reflection is them.
The Rouge Test - Answer When a mark is painted on an organism to see if they attempt to
wipe it off when they see their reflection; a type of self-contingency testing.
,VEN Cells - Answer (Von Economo neurons) Specialized neurons that are long
and spindle-like; reach deep into the brain and connect various levels.
What capabilities depend on VEN cells? - Answer Capacities that relate to the co-
emergence hypothesis; perspective-taking, empathy, embarrassment, humor,
and future-orientation.
What species appear to have VEN cells? - Answer Humans, high order
primates, cetaceans, and elephants.
Ceteceans - Answer Dolphins and whales
Williams Syndrome - Answer A genetic defect that causes people to be trusting of
anyone. They have a non-expression in a tiny amount of genes on the seventh
chromosome. People with this syndrome are friendly, gregarious, and verbose.
They have trouble making friends because they treat everyone so equally and they
can be taken advantage of as they never sense bad intentions.
What are the two aspects of fairness that De Waal discusses? - Answer Income equality
and the efforts/rewards connection
What is the fairness climate like in the U.S.? - Answer There are high levels of income
inequality but a high effort/rewards connection.
What is the fairness climate like in Europe? - Answer There are high levels of income
equality but a low effort/rewards connection.
What are the findings from Richard Wilkinson's research? - Answer He found that
"inequality kills". He believed the income gaps produce social gaps which in turn reduce
,trust and increase violence. He also asserts that the immune systems of everyone
are compromised by anxiety.
Cialdini "Negative State Relief Model" - Answer We help to alleviate our distress (either
from the situation for from an existing mood)
Batson "Empathy-Altruism Model" - Answer Empathy for a victim leads to an
intrinsic desire to help them even if there are no benefits
Eisenberg Video Study - Answer participants watched video of a woman and
her children who had been hurt in an accident
RESULTS
increased heart rate and wincing expression(distress)=low willingness to help
decreased heart rate and sympathy expression=high willingness to help
Toi & Batson "Carol" Study - Answer students told to be objective (low empathy)
are more willing to help if they see her in class
students told to put themselves in her shoes (high empathy) show equally high
willingness to help whether they see her in class or not
Two Emotional Routes to Helping - Answer distress and guilt over another's state
empathy and sympathy
Brown Mortality Study - Answer Relationship between social connections and longer life
is accounted for (in part) by opportunities to PROVIDE support
Dunn Bonus Study - Answer % money spent of giving to others and charity
strongly predicted changes in happiness
, Bonus size not itself predictive
Evolved Social Cooperative Rationality - Answer Because most people are cooperative,
it is smart to be cooperative to increase our joint rewards
Maciavellian "Exploitative Rationality" - Answer because most people are cooperative, I
can exploit that trust for my gain
DePaulo et al, Interaction Record Study - Answer Lies told in about 30% of interactions
68% outright lies
lies less likely in close relationships
DePaulo Serious Lies Study - Answer 20% infidelity
20% money or job
20% other serious misdeeds
40% other (protecting others from truths, embellishing history, forbidden socialization)
Bond and DePaulo 2006 Meta-Analysis - Answer 54% accuracy in detecting truth vs lie
61% statements viewed as true
47% viewed as false
"believe it is true bias"
Factors in Promoting "Moral" Behavior - Answer threat of punishment
internal moral guides
Eisenberger Cyberball fMRI Study - Answer exclusion from game led to activation
in areas of brain that are activated during physical pain
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