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Biology Cumulative Actual Exam | 200+ Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025
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Biology Cumulative Actual Exam | 200+ Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025
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Biology Cumulative Actual Exam | 200+ Questionsand Answers Latest Update 2025
what binding results in the protein changing shape - ✔✔covalent bonding of chemical groups
to their side chains
chaperone proteins - ✔✔enhance correct protein folding and prevent inappropriate binding
to other molecules
hexoses - ✔✔glucose, 6 carbon monosaccharide
pentoses - ✔✔five carbon monosaccaride
glycosidic linkages - ✔✔have either alpha or beta orientation in space, covalent bonds
between monosaccharides
lipid functions - ✔✔storage, membrane structure, light harvesting, regulation, protection
triglyceride - ✔✔composed of 3 fatty acids covalently bonded to a molecule of glycerol by
ester linkages
saturated fatty acid - ✔✔hydrocarbon chain with no double bond
unsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔one or more double bonds that bend the chain
examples of lipids - ✔✔vitamin a d e and k, steroids and plant pigments such as carotenoids
,what does a nucleotide consist of - ✔✔phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogen containing
base
pyrimidines - ✔✔cytosine, uracil, thymine, single ring structure
pyrines - ✔✔guanine and adenine, double ring structure
phosphodiester linkages - ✔✔joins nucleotides in DNA and RNA, involves sugar of one
nucleotide and phosphate of other forming nucleic acid polymer
in RNA hydrogen bonds results - ✔✔in a folded molecule
in DNA hydrogen bonds - ✔✔connect two strands into a double helix
where does the information content of DNA and RNA reside - ✔✔their base sequences
how was it believed that life originated - ✔✔spontnaneous generation
prereq for life - ✔✔presence of water
chemical evolution - ✔✔idea that organic molecules were formed on Earth before life began,
led to polymerization of small molecules into polymers
ribozyme - ✔✔catalytic RNA
"RNA world" - ✔✔world before DNA
, why is a cell small - ✔✔to maintain large surface area to volume ratio allowing it to exchange
adequate quantities of materials with its environment
what makes up the cytoskeleton in prokaryotes - ✔✔filamentous proteins in the cytoplasm
what does a prokaryotic cells cytoplasm contain - ✔✔cytosol, ribosomes, proteins, small
molecules
where does ribosome assembly begin - ✔✔nucleolus in nucleus
endomembrane system - ✔✔consists of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, a series
of interrelated compartments enclosed by membranes, segregates proteins and modifies them
what do mitochondria contain - ✔✔enzymes needed for cellular respiration
microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtuboles provide - ✔✔cell with shape,
strength and movement
motor proteins - ✔✔use cellular energy to change shape and move, drive bending
movements of flagella and cilia and transport organelles along microtubules within the cell
plasmodesmata - ✔✔cells walls are pierced with this and join the cytoplasms of adjacent
cells
what does the extracellular matrix consist of in animals - ✔✔collagen and proteoglyans
endosymbiosis theory - ✔✔mitochondria and chloroplasts originated when larger cells
engulfed smaller cells
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