EDUC 250 final exam || with 100% Errorless Answers.
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Course
EDUC 250
Institution
EDUC 250
Behavioral approaches to instruction correct answers 1. Direct presentation of factual info or demonstration of basic skills in a structured environment
2. Lecture - teacher provides factual information
3. Punishments/Rewards
4. divide content into small units, students progress through at their...
EDUC 250 final exam || with 100% Errorless Answers.
Behavioral approaches to instruction correct answers 1. Direct presentation of factual info or
demonstration of basic skills in a structured environment
2. Lecture - teacher provides factual information
3. Punishments/Rewards
4. divide content into small units, students progress through at their own pace until they have
reached mastery
Cognitive approaches to instruction correct answers 1. Divide lessons around principles of
meaningful learning, teach students how to learn more effectively
2. one way - instructor presents content, build connections between new material and previously
learned material, provides a summary (expository and info processing)
3. another way- Students discover a concept, rule or principle in an unstructured manner
(discovery learning) or a structured manner (guided discovery)
Process
1. Tell students what you want them to learn and why
2. Use attention-getting devices
3. Emphasize organization and meaningfulness
4. present new info in small chunks over time
5. facilitate encoding of information into long-term memory
Constructivist approaches to instruction correct answers 1. Help students construct meaningful
schemes
2. Two ways to use constructivist approach - one is resolving disequilibrium which is the
independent approach OR by working with a MKO (more knowledgable learner)
Examples -
1) students construct their understanding of the content through asking questions and seeking the
answers (self-directed learner)
2) students work together to achieve a similar goal (cooperative learning)
Compare/contrast Behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist approaches correct answers
♣︎Behaviorism - learning leads to a change in an individual's behavior. an individual's behavior is
the result of two environmental stimuli: antecedents and consequences.
♠︎Commonly- a teacher asking a question (antecedent), a student providing a response (behavior),
and the teacher offering feedback (consequence).
2 ways its done
1) ♠︎Direct instruction - direct instruction assumes students learn best when teachers structure the
learning environment to present accurate information in small chunks and offer many
opportunities for practice and feedback
Direct instruction is a popular method in the early elementary grades, where much of instruction
is focused on basic skill. may not be sufficient alone for encouraging long-term retention and
transfer of complex skills
, 2)♠︎Mastery learning - all students can learn curricular material if given sufficient time. .
Teachers set a pre-specified mastery level, such as 80% on a unit test. Students who do not
master a certain unit are allowed to repeat it or an equivalent version at their own pace
♣︎Constructivism - student centered because constructivism emphasizes the individual's active
role in exploring and socially interacting within his or her environment.
2 Ways it is done
1.♠︎Situated cognition - learning in authentic contexts, such as apprenticeships in school - called
cognitive apprenticeships in younger schooling.
2. ♠︎Modeling - modeling (performing a behavior for others to imitate) by the adult or the more
experienced individual,
♣︎Cognitive - proposes that learning involves actively constructing knowledge.
♠︎student centered - they focus on the mental processes students use in knowledge construction
rather than the external stimuli teachers use in behaviorist
♠︎meaningful learning—actively forming new knowledge structures. selecting relevant
information, organi
Formative vs Summative assessment correct answers Formative - non-graded assessment to
"form an opinion" about wether to reteach content or move forward
1. Informal assessments - (not anything with grading) have a formative purpose, involve an
observation or interview and do not involve scores or comparing students. Created by classroom
teacher
ex: walking around class, seeing what ya know
Summative - Assessment of learning - sum-up students learning and assign a grade - end of
learning cycle (chapter, unit, semester)
2. Formal assessments- obtain summative data of students performance that can be compared to
other students. Created by classroom teacher to obtain objective data - grading
ex: standardized testing - provides summative info that tends to have validity and reliability. Not
created by classroom.
4 different types of performance assessments correct answers 1. Direct Writing assessment - tests
asks students to write a specific topic under a standard set of conditions
2. Portfolio - A folder that contains pieces of a students work, some of which demonstrates
different stages of completion
3. Exhibition - A display or showing of some product (Painting, drawing, photographs, models)
4. Demonstration - Students are required to show how they can apply information or perform a
task
4 criteria of high-quality assessments correct answers Validity - assessment measures what it is
intended to measure (Standardized tests)
Reliability - Consistency in measurement (standardized tests)
Fairness - Students had equal opportunity to learn content and demonstrate knowledge
(standardized tests and classroom tests)
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