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Hosa Epidemiology Latest Updates 2024/2025
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Latest Updates 2024/2025
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Hosa Epidemiology LatestUpdates 2024/2025
Incidence ANS✔✔ The number of new cases per person per unit of time
Prevalence ANS✔✔ The proportion of the population at a given time that has a case
Case Fatality Rate ANS✔✔ Ratio of fatal cases to total cases
Risk factor ANS✔✔ A definable element of exposure that captures at least one part
of the pathway by which the cause increases the risk that a member of the
population will meet the criteria of a case.
Observational Study ANS✔✔ Study in which events occur without the scientist
having controlled starting conditions. Resembles the studies of geology and
astronomy.
Epidemiology ANS✔✔ The study of the distribution and determinants of health-
related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study is
the control of health problems.
5 Ws of Descriptive Epidemiology ANS✔✔ Diagnosis or health event (what), Person
(who), Place (where), Time (when) and Modes of Transmission (why/how)
Frequency ANS✔✔ Not only the number of health events, but also the relationship
of that number to the size of the population.
Pattern ANS✔✔ The occurrence of health-related events by time, place and person.
,Descriptive Epidemiology ANS✔✔ Characterizing health events by time, place, and
person.
Determinants ANS✔✔ The causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of
disease and other health-related events.
Analytic Epidemiology ANS✔✔ Provides the "why" and "how" disease and other
health events spread/occur.
Public Health Surveillance ANS✔✔ The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis,
interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision
making and action.
Field Investigation ANS✔✔ Characterizes the extent of the epidemic and attempts to
identify its cause.
Shoe Leather Epidemiology ANS✔✔ Slang; the objective is to learn more about the
natural history, clinical spectrum, descriptive epidemiology, and risk factors of the
disease before determining what disease intervention methods might be
appropriate.
Analytic Studies ANS✔✔ A study with the purpose of identifying and quantifying the
relationship between an exposure and an outcome and to test hypotheses about
causal relationships by comparing case-patients and those in an appropriate
comparison group (control).
Design ANS✔✔ Includes determining the appropriate research strategy and study
design, writing justifications and protocols, calculating sample sizes, deciding on
criteria for subject selection (e.g., developing case definitions), choosing an
appropriate comparison group, and designing questionnaires.
, Conduct ANS✔✔ Involves securing appropriate clearances and approvals, adhering
to appropriate ethical principles, abstracting records, tracking down and
interviewing subjects, collecting and handling specimens, and managing the data.
Analysis ANS✔✔ Begins with describing the characteristics of the subjects. It
progresses to calculation of rates, creation of comparative tables (e.g. two-by-two
tables), and computations of measures of association (e.g., chi-square test),
confidence intervals, and the like.
Interpretation ANS✔✔ Involves putting the study findings into perspective,
identifying the key take-home messages, and making sound recommendations.
Doing so requires the epidemiologist be knowledgeable about the subject matter
and the strengths and weaknesses of the study.
Evaluation ANS✔✔ The process of determining, as systematically and objectively as
possible, the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of activities with
respect to establish goals.
Effectiveness ANS✔✔ Refers to the ability of a program to produce the intended or
expected results in the field.
Efficacy ANS✔✔ The ability to produce results under ideal conditions.
Efficiency ANS✔✔ Refers to the ability of the program to produce the intended
results with a minimum expenditure of time and resources.
Formative Evaluation ANS✔✔ Evaluation that focuses on plans.
Process Evaluation ANS✔✔ Evaluation that focuses on operations.
Summative Evaluation ANS✔✔ Evaluation that focuses on impact.
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