Exam (elaborations)
PSYC 388 - Part 1 (Unit 1-4)
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PSYC 388 - Part 1 (Unit 1-4)
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Psyc 388 - Part 1 (Unit 1-4) QuestionsA
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Define counselling using the CCPA Definition - The overall aim of counsellors is to provide an opportunity
for people to work towards living more satisfyingly and resourcefully.
Counselling relationships will vary according to need but may be concerned with developmental issues,
addressing and resolving specific problems, making decisions, coping with crisis, developing personal
insights and knowledge, working through feelings of inner conflict or improving relationships with
others.
List the major events that influenced the development of counselling from before 1900 to 2000. - Before
1900
-Counselling grew out of humanitarian concern for the lives of those impacted by the Industrial
Revolution Moral Therapy Movement (France/Canada)
-Mental Health Movement (1900-1909) + Clifford Beers (Advocate (with lived experience) for better
mental health facilities and reform in treatment of those with mental illness) Co-founded CMHA in 1918.
-Vocational Guidance Movement (1900-1909) + Frank Parsons (Choosing a vocation was matter of
knowledge of work, knowledge of self, and matching two together through reasoning)
1910s to 1940s.
-Smith-Hughes Act of 1917: $$$ for vocational guidance and education. 1920s: Edward Thorndike
challenged vocational orientation of counselling, argued for the broadening of counselling.
-Psychometrics were embraced, which helped the discipline be respected in scientific community but
neglected sociology, biology, anthropology.
-1931: First mention of "counselling" in literature.E.G. Williamson in 1930s:
-First counselling theory, which emphasized direct, counsellor-centered approach and the counsellor's
teaching, mentoring, and influencing skills. Premise: Individuals had traits that could be integrated in
variety of ways to form factors (constellations of individual characteristics). Counsellor must ascertain a
deficiency in the client and then prescribe a procedure to rectify the problem.
-Late 1930s: WWII created role for psychologists and counsellors in both US and Canada: test
construction, administration, scoring for selecting and classifying military personnel.
, -1939: CPA formed by E.A. Bott, George Humphrey, Roy Liddy.
-1942: Carl Rogers published Counselling and Psychotherapy, which challenged the counsellor-centered
approach of Williamson as well as major tenets of Freudian psychoanalysis. He also emphasized the
importance of the client and gave them responsib
Identify and briefly discuss at least five important factors that have influenced the development of
counselling in Canada since 1960. - 1)Community mental health movement, which helped bring
counselling out of education and into mainstream
2) Shift in focus from remediation to prevention and emphasis on positive psychology: growth and
development of persons
3)Recognition and standardization of the counselling discipline
4)Development of and focus on helping skills (relationship, comms) as key to discipline
5)Attention on gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity and what it's like to live in a pluralistic society
Describe the similarities and differences between the history of counselling in the United States and the
counselling movement in Canada. - Similarities:
WWII: Counsellors and psychologists asked to create, administer, and score tests in an effort to select,
classify military personnel.
Differences:
Counselling grew out of psychology in the U.S. and educational/vocational guidance in Canada.
What are Similarities & Differences between Counselling and Psychotherapy - the line is blurred,
psychotherapy - large focus on past, looks at insight more than change
Counselling - development of issues, overcoming problems/inner issues, & coping with crisis/stress/
problems
Which decades were most influential to counselling? why? what events happened? - 1960-1980
when counselling became a real profession,
regulatory bodies were formed and the profession started to become standardized
However there's important aspects in each because without each aspect it would not be where it is
today. 2000-present has a bigger boom and acceptance in using counselling (in North America at least)
allow for more research and requires a larger need for counsellors and therapists.
what are 5 factors that have influenced the development of counselling? - 1) Humanitarianism
movement (focus on improving peoples lives)
2) Mental Health movement
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