Exam (elaborations)
PSYC 388- Final
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Exam of 30 pages for the course PSYC 388- at PSYC 388- (PSYC 388- Final)
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VPSYC 388- FINAL QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS GRADED A+
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s. - - There was a
shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it distinguished
counselling from other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling.
E.G. Williamson - Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers - He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better treatment of patients and
for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons - Founder of vocational guidance
Carl Rogers - Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy.
Albert Ellis - Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that focuses on
changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne - Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the adult, and the
parent.
Aaron Beck - Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify automatic thoughts and
reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3)
Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling - Counselling in USA grew out of professional psychology; in
Canada grew out of educational psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of - attention to gender issues and sexual preferences, feminist
theory, renewed emphasis on moral development, challenges of working with different ethnic and
cultural groups.
,Lawrence Kohlberg - moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses
and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an
ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
Wellness Mode --2000 - Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian colleges and
universities, contributed to the growth of the profession of counselling in Canada. - Counsellors and
guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas of testing and counselling. School
boards begin hiring full-time counsellors as a result of the rising popularity of Rogers' humanistic
approach. Counselling became to be seen as a crucial part of schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health professionals is: - their
ability to provide and monitor psychotropic medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - choice; change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - Curiosity,
ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - 1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
6. Vicarious rebellion
, identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify ways to prevent it. - state of
becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot perform functions
meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and even a loss of concern,
compassion, and feeling for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well as the individual and
interpersonal factors associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy individuals, using stress-reduction
exercises, engaging in self-assessment, setting aside free and private time.
differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry. -
Counselling: Most professional counsellors in Canada are either social workers or counselling
psychologists.
Social work: Need BSW or MSw
Psychology: Can have a PhD, EdD, PsyD. Graduates need to complete a practicum.
Psychiatry: Need a doctoral degree. The only ones who can prescribe medications. Usually use the
medical model.
describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals in
Canada. - CCPA accredits master's programs in Canada that are counselling related.
To be accredited by CCPA, the program must require minimum 48 hours semester hours and meet core
competencies such as: counselling as a profession, issues in counselling, etc. Students must complete a
100hr practicum, and a 400hr practicum.
Counselling psychology: 4 CPA accredited programs in Canada. U of A, McGill, UBC, Ontario Institute for
studies in education.
Social work: Most social work schools in canada are accredited voluntarily through the Canadian
Association for Social Work Education.
Three levels of helping relationships - -nonprofessional
-paraprofessional
-professional
Attributes of counselling -- Medical - Client not accountable for cause of problem or solution. Can
become dependent on counsellor.
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