PHAR 100 – Midterm Exam Questions With Verified Answers.
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Course
PHAR 100
Institution
PHAR 100
PHAR 100 – Midterm Exam Questions With
Verified Answers.
Key historical influences to pharmacology - answer-Civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China
-Poison: Curare, Ergot
-Religion
Why was zinc oxide an important compound - answercurrently found in topical creams (i.e.
calamine)
What did ancie...
PHAR 100 – Midterm Exam Questions With
Verified Answers.
Key historical influences to pharmacology - answer✔-Civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China
-Poison: Curare, Ergot
-Religion
Why was zinc oxide an important compound - answer✔currently found in topical creams (i.e.
calamine)
What did ancient greece, egypt, and china contribute - answer✔greece - opium - codeine +
morphine
egypt - senna, purgatives
china - ephedrine (asthma)
What is Curare's function as a poison + pharmaceutical - answer✔poison = paralysis/death, drug
= anesthesia
What is Ergot's function as a poison + pharmaceutical - answer✔poison = mental frenzy, burning
limbs, uterus contraction
pharm = ergotamine: treats migraines, ergonovine: arrests uterine bleeding after childbirth
What did Paul Ehrlich design - answer✔organoarsenicals - binds to parasites = cure for syphillis
Name 9 basic drug development steps - answer✔1- drug discovery
2- pre-clinical
3- clinical trial: initial steps
4- phase 1: young healthy people
5- phase 2: people affected by disesase (~500 ppl)
6- phase 3: people affected by disease (1000+)
7- Health Canda review
8- Manufacturing
9 - Phase 4: tests over long period/taken concurrently w/ other drugs
Name 6 advertising techniques - answer✔-before/after
-fear
-offer an easy solution
-attention catching
-celeb endorsement
-discredit other manufacturers
Name 3 drug targets - answer✔-receptors
-chemical rxn
-physical/chemical forces
Explain ED50 - answer✔The dose that gives 50% of max. response
What are factors that contribute to the removal of the drug from the body - answer✔Excretion:
kidney (80%+ of drugs), must be water soluble (conversion needed) Biotransformation in liver,
metabolism, feces (GI tract), saliva, sweat, milk,
Define efficacy - answer✔the max pharmacological response that can be produced by a specific
drug in that bio system
Define potency - answer✔The dose of a drug required to produce a certain response (usually
50% of max)
Define therapeutic range - answer✔range of doses that keep [blood] of a drug above the
[minimum] to produce desirable response, but below the [toxic response]
What are the 4 major processes of pharmacokinetics - answer✔1-absorption
2-distribution
3-metabolism
4-excretion
Name 3 general main routes of administration - answer✔1. Topical
2. Enteral admin (enter blood through GI tract)
3. Parental admin (injected into bloodstream)
What are the 3 topical administration methods - answer✔1. on skin
2. through skin (transdermal)
3. inhalation (rapidly absorbed by lungs)
What are the 3 enteral administration methods - answer✔1. mouth: most convenient, least
expensive
2. rectum: systemic or local, bypasses stomach/liver enzymes
3. sublingual/buccal: under tongue/cheek
Explain biotransformation - answer✔liver contains enzymes that are able to convert drugs +
other chemicals to water soluble products to be excreted in the urine - usually results in
inactivation
What is the main enzyme in biotransformation - answer✔Cytochromes P450
-genetically variable
-many drugs -substrates for P450
What are the 3 parental administration methods - answer✔1. intravenous
2. intramuscular- drug injected deep into a muscle
3. subcutaneous- drug injected into deepest layer of skin
How do drugs cross the membrane? - answer✔1- pore filtration
2- passive diffusion
3- active transport
4- pinocytosis
(needed for absorption, distribution, excretion)
Explain bioavailability - answer✔fraction of administered dose that reaches the systemic
circulation in an active form (i.e. 100% bioavailability for IV injection)
Explain absorption - answer✔movement of a drug from administered site -> blood stream
1-diffustion through aqueous pores (mol. weight <150) - down [gradient]
2- diffusion through lipids - depends on solubility
3- active transport (imp in removal of metabolites)
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