Quantitative vs qualitative changes - Correct Answer o Quantitative changes: changes in the amount or quantity of what you are measuring
o Qualitative changes: changes in the overall nature of what you are examining
Concepts of multifinality and equifinality - Correct Answer o Multifinality...
ABSC 160 Final Study Guide (ANSWERED & GRADED)
Quantitative vs qualitative changes - Correct Answer o Quantitative changes: changes
in the amount or quantity of what you are measuring
o Qualitative changes: changes in the overall nature of what you are examining
Concepts of multifinality and equifinality - Correct Answer o Multifinality-the principle by
which the same pathways may lead to different developmental outcomes
o Equifinality- the principle by which different developmental pathways may result in the
same outcome
skepticism - Correct Answer judging the validity of a claim based on objective empirical
evidence
pseudoscience - Correct Answer A collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly
regarded as being based on scientific method
The activities of a "good" consumer of developmental information - Correct Answer o
Know the source of your information
o Examine the evidence- question authority
o Become a critical thinker
o Beware of making generalizations
o Be aware of perceptual bias
o Question "common sense"
- Define theory and its relationship to scientific research - Correct Answer o
Developmental theory- a moral of development based on observations that allows us to
make predictions
- Describe the criteria for judging developmental theories (that is, how to tell a good
theory from a bad theory) - Correct Answer o Accuracy: does the theory describe
actual events
- Takes place through observation and elements
o Clarity: does the theory provide a clear explanation, such that a competent person
would understand it?
o Predictability: does the theory accurately predict future events?/ how specific are the
predictions?
o Practicality: does the theory provide useful information?/ how applicable is this to
everyday life
o Internal consistency: does the theory use the same principles to explain multiple
situations?/ does the theory build on itself, rather than create new explanations?
o Parsimony: does the theory use the simplest explanation possible?/ what does the
theory assume that hasn't been proven?
-Occam's razor: the simplest explanation is usually the correct one
o Testability: can you demonstrate that the theory does or doesn't work?/ what makes it
so the theory can or can't be tested
o Productivity: does the theory result in additional questions about the explanations?
, o Self satisfying: does the theory make sense
Describe learning theory (aka, behavioral theory) - Correct Answer Behaviorism- the
theory developed by John B. Watson that focuses on environmental control of
observable behavior
- Ecological theory (Bronfenbrenner's theory) - Correct Answer oBronfenbrenner's
ecological systems theory views child development as a complex system of
relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate
settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and custom
tenets of developmental theory - Correct Answer o Tenet #1: Development is
continuous
o Tenet #2: Development is not a constant, even process
o Tenet #3: Development is non-linear
o Ex: when teeth form in a child, a child's sleep
o Tenet #4: Description is not enough
-Cognitive development-this is a child's ability to learn and solve problems - descriptive
development
o Tenet #5: Nature and nurture play a role
-Identical twins provide an interesting look at this
description - Correct Answer o what happens- gives an account of an event
explanation - Correct Answer o why and how it happens- allows prediction and control
- Identify the components of the scientific method including developing hypotheses,
operationalizing concepts, sampling, collecting data - Correct Answer o Components
of scientific method:
- Ask a question
- Do background research
- Conduct a hypothesis
- Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment
- Analyze your data and draw a conclusion
Report your results (was your hypothesis correct?)
- Explain the importance of replication when conducting research - Correct Answer It is
important to replicate the study, so that it is made sure that the study is done accurately
across multiple times
- Define independent and dependent variables and recognize examples of each -
Correct Answer o Independent Variable- the variable in an experiment that the
researcher manipulates
o Dependent variable- the outcome of interest to the researcher that is measured at the
end of an experiment
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