What is Title IX, where did it come from, and what was/is its intent? - answer--Law passed by Congress in 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education...
Sociology of Sport Final WKU Kanan
What is Title IX, where did it come from, and what was/is its intent? - answer--Law
passed by Congress in 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on
the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving
Federal financial assistance."
-Intent was to promote gender equity by requiring the same opportunities for
women.
-Law was excepted by most people when it was applied to education in the
classroom, but was resisted by many when applied to sports.
Know the three tests of compliance used with Title IX. - answer--A three-part test for
participation opportunities determines if institutions provide female and male
students with equal athletic opportunities. In order to comply, institutions must pass
one of these three tests:
1. Proportionality: means to compare the ratio of female to male participants in the
athletic program with the ratio of female to male full-time students (+/- 5%)
> "Safe Harbor Test"
2. History and Continuing Practice: Has your school shown a history and continuing
practice of program expansion for the underrepresented sex?
> Judged by action and progress over 3 previous years.
3. Effectively Accommodating Interests and Abilities: Are the interests and abilities
of the underrepresented sex fully and effectively accommodated by the current
program?
How has Title IX changed higher education, professional schools, and sports? -
answer--Higher education
> equal access to higher education
>until the 1970s, some colleges and universities refused to admit women
>now more women than men are enrolled in college, and more women are going
into careers previously geared toward men in science and technology fields
>thanks to Title IX, today pregnant women teachers are legally protected from such
blatant discrimination, and students are protected from being forced into less
academically challenging programs
-Professional schools
>
-Sports
>access to athletics for women/girls, is the most widely known impact of Title IX
>access to athletic scholarships for women
What are the intended and unintended consequences of Title IX? - answer-Intended:
- Increase interest in sport participation among women
- Increasing interest in women's sports
- Increasing funding for female programs
Unintended:
, - Universities dropping lower-tiered men's sports
- little increase in funding
Know the participation and budgetary trends in interscholastic sports over the past
couple of decades. - answer-- Participation in school activities has been high for the
last 20 years, but the gender gaps persist
- Budget trends recently decreasing in participation for boys and girls and
increasing fees
According to the University of Northern Iowa research (discussed in class), what are
the positive (5) and negative (3) outcomes of interscholastic sports participation? -
answer-- Positive outcomes:
> highschool gpa
> college completion
> adult income earnings
> job quality
> beneficial health behaviors
- Negative outcomes: Male high school athletes in particular, repeat higher levels of:
> alcohol consumption
> drunk driving
> sexist and homophobic social attitudes that are associated with gender
-related violent activity and same sex violence
What do participants and schools gain from interscholastic sports? - answer--
Program supporters say that interscholastic sports support the educational mission
of schools and the development of young participants
What are the major problems and controversies associated with interscholastic
sports? (4) - answer-- Elitism (not all get to play)
- Demanding schedules
- Coaches as role models and socialization agents
- Redshirting (sit out your first year)
What is the relationship between intercollegiate athletics programs and financial
donations to universities? - answer-- When universities' have winning sports teams
their athletic departments receive more donations
- But, when this occurs, less money is donated to the universities' general funds
What is the relationship between intercollegiate athletics and recruitment of non-
athlete students to colleges? - answer-
What are negative consequences of college athletes? - answer-1. Academic matters
are given to lower priority in the "culture of sport" on many campuses.
2. The lives of athletes are increasingly isolated from the lives of other students
3. Resources for sports may take resources away from university and other
extracurricular activities (WKU the most-- paying $219 a semester)
4. Compromised academic standards in admissions and classrooms
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