HERZING UNIVERSITY Pathophysiology NUR
521 Practice Exam Latest Update 2024-2025
Actual Exam Questions and 100% Correct
Answers Guaranteed A+
________ is the extracellular breakdown of proteins, fats, and polysaccharides to
subunits outside of the cell that then can be utilized inside the cell through the process
of _______ - CORRECT ANSWER: digestion, glycolysis
________, _________, and ________ are produced by microbes in the _________ -
CORRECT ANSWER: GABA, Serotonin, and Dopamine; gut
- signs (objective or observed manifestations) and symptoms (subjective)
Clinical course or stage- - CORRECT ANSWER: clinical manifestations
-age
-ethnic group
-gender
-socioeconmic
-lifestyle
-geography
....all make up - CORRECT ANSWER: the pattern of disease
-modifies, sorts, packages, and distributes proteins
-prepare materials for export of out of the cell
-produces membrane package called vesicles - CORRECT ANSWER: Golgi apparatus
-powerhouse of the cell
-converts energy to forms that can be used to drive cellular reactions
-contain enzymes necessary for ATP production
,-have a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) - CORRECT ANSWER: mitochondria
: time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear indicating onset of disease -
CORRECT ANSWER: prodromal period
"cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic
response; effect of wear and tear on the body - CORRECT ANSWER: allostatic
overload
#3 Loss of Calcium Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER:
•Apoptosis
-Is programmed cellular death.
-Is characterized by the "dropping off" of cellular fragments called apoptotic bodies.
-Is the active process of cellular destruction.
-Can occur normally (developmental, involution) or pathologically.
-Dysregulated apoptosis:
•Is excessive or not enough.
•Can lead to cancer, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemic
injury. - CORRECT ANSWER:
A means of transforming the mind, it encourages one to develop concentration, clarity,
emotional positivity, and a calm seeing of the true natures of things - CORRECT
ANSWER: meditation
A particular abnormal condition that affects part or all of can organism. Often construed
as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs - CORRECT
ANSWER: disease (pathology)
A psychological state with physiological attributes superficially resembling sleep and is
marked by an individuals levels of awareness of than the ordinary conscious state -
CORRECT ANSWER: hypnosis
,a vesicle filled with digestive enzymes the break down lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins into monomers that can be used by the rest of the cell, recycle damages of
unused organelles, attack/digest undesired materials, and found only in animals -
CORRECT ANSWER: lysosome
achieving homeostasis through change, involves the constant altering of multiple
variables in order to match the resources of the body to environmental demands in
order to maintain physiological function - CORRECT ANSWER: allostasis
Adaptation in the face of stressful situation and stimuli involved the action of what 3
things - CORRECT ANSWER: -neural
-neuroendocrine
-neuroendorine-immune mechanisims
Adaptation is also called - CORRECT ANSWER: allostasis, or maintaining stability
through change, and is a vital component to maintaining homeostasis
After glycolysis what is your output - CORRECT ANSWER: - 4 ATP (net 2)
-2 Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
-NAD+ is converted to NADH (electron transport molecule)
age, such as children or older adults - CORRECT ANSWER: -falls
-poisoning
Agents or conditions that can produce stress endanger what - CORRECT ANSWER:
homeostasis
All cells make reactive oxygen forms as byproducts of the Redox reactions (changing
oxygen to water). These reactive oxygen species which are free radicals can damage
DNA, proteins and lip - CORRECT ANSWER:
, Allostasis turning into adaptation depends on ones - CORRECT ANSWER: allostatic
load that we carry, the chronic stress we carry
Amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose are then ______ and _________, and get into
cells where they are used for processes including the production of ATP - CORRECT
ANSWER: absorbed and circulated
an atom that has lost an electron and has a + net charge - CORRECT ANSWER: free
radical
an enzyme that neutralizes dangerous molecules - CORRECT ANSWER: peroxisome
Another process to try reorder things when there has been cellular damage; a controlled
process of degradation of cellular components for recycling - CORRECT ANSWER:
autophagy
apart of the cytoskeleton and helps with cell movement and muscles contraction -
CORRECT ANSWER: microfilaments
Are there physiologic consequences to ongoing exposure to toxic stress? - CORRECT
ANSWER: yes
assisted by transport proteins (trans-membrane proteins) - CORRECT ANSWER:
facilitated diffusion
at rest there is typically more _______ ions outside the neuron than in and more
_________ ions inside the neuron than out - CORRECT ANSWER: sodium, potassium
ATP depletion can happen from - CORRECT ANSWER: -dysfunction of damage to
mitochondria
-high energy demands (spent the fuel)
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