BIS 2B - kf kf
Final Exam study guide questions and an
kf kf kf kf kf kf kf
swers correct graded A+
kf kf kf
BiologicalkfSpecieskfConceptkf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfspecieskfiskfakfgroupkfofkfactuallykforkfpotentiallykfinterbreedingkfindividualskfthatkfiskfreproductivelykfisolatedk
ffromkfotherkfgroups.kf
-Pros:kfstraightforwardkfandkfeasykftokfunderstand,kfbasedkfinkfHWEkfmechanisms
-
Cons:kfrequireskfknowledgekfofkfmatingkfsystems,kfdoeskfnotkfapplykftokfasexualkfspecies,kfsomekfmatingkfsystem
skfarekfmorekfcomplexkfthankfthiskfdefinitionkfallowskf(example:kfEnsatinakfsalamanderkfringkfspecies).kf
-
DoeskfNOTkfworkkffor:kfextinctkforganisms,kfasexualkfspecies,kfpopulationskfwithkfcontinuumkfofkfinterbreedingkf
(ringkfspecies)
MorphologicalkfSpecieskfConceptkf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfspecieskfiskfakfgroupkfofkforganismskfthatkfhavekfsimilarkfphysicalkftraitskf(morphology).kf
-Pros:kfgoodkfforkfgroupskfwherekfotherkfdatakfarekflimited.kf
-Cons:kfmorphologicalkfsimilaritykfcankfbekfmisleading.kf
-
Doeskfnotkfworkkfwellkfforkfspecieskfthatkfexperiencekfconvergentkfevolutionkf(willkfoverestimatekfrelatedness).kf
Generallykflesskfaccurate/reliablekfthankfotherkfspecieskfconcepts
PhylogenetickfSpecieskfConceptkf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfspecieskfiskfakfgroupkfofkforganismskfthatkfshareskfakfcommonkfancestorkfandkfcankfbekfdistinguishedkffromkfoth
erkforganismskfbykfparticularkftraitskf(especiallykfgenetickfsimilarity).kf
,-Pros:kfbasedkfinkfevolutionarykfhistory,kfapplieskftokfallkforganismskf(allkforganismskfhavekfDNA).kf
-Cons:kfrequireskfmodernkfgenetickfandkfcomputationalkftools.
-DoeskfNOTkfworkkfforkfextinctkfspecieskf(cankfsometimeskfgetkfDNAkffromkfrecentlykfextinctkfgroups)
Polyploidy
(Howkfdoeskfitkfinfluencekfreproductivekfisolationkfandkfspeciation?)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Polyploidykfmeanskfhavingkfmorekfthankftwokfsetskfofkfchromosomes.kf
Polyploidskfarekfreproductivelykfisolatedkffromkfdiploidskfbecausekftheirkfoffspringkfwillkfhavekfoddkfnumberskfof
kfchromosomekfsets,kfwhichkfcannotkfeasilykfbekfdividedkfduringkfmeiosiskfandkfsokftheykfwillkfbekfsterilekf(postzyg
otickfbarrier:kfreducedkfhybridkffertility).kfPolyploidskfcankfsuccessfullykfbreedkfwithkfotherkfpolyploidskfwithkfthe
kfsamekfnumberkfofkfchromosomes,kfwhichkfmeanskfwekfconsiderkfthemkfseparatekfspecieskffromkftheirkfdiploidkf
relatives.
Forkfeachkfofkfthekftypeskfofkfspeciationkflistedkfbelow,kfdescribekfthekfgeneralkfpatternkfofkfhowkfspeciationkfoccu
rskfandkfprovidekfankfexamplekfofkfspeciationkfthatkfhaskffollowedkfthiskfpattern
(Allopatrykfthroughkfvicariance)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Somekfsortkfofkfphysicalkfgeographickfbarrierkfseparateskfthekfpopulationkfintokfroughlykfequalkfhalves.kfOverkfti
me,kfdifferenceskfinkfmutations,kfgenetickfdrift,kfselection,kfetckfresultkfinkfgenetickfdifferenceskfbetweenkfthekfdi
sconnectedkfhalves.kfEventually,kfthesekfdifferenceskfarekfsignificantkfenoughkftokfproducekfreproductivekfbarri
erskfbetweenkfthekftwokfgroupskf(willkfnotkfsuccessfullykfinterbreedkfifkftheykfcomekfintokfcontactkfagain),kfsokfwek
fthenkfconsiderkfthemkfseparatekfspecies.
Forkfeachkfofkfthekftypeskfofkfspeciationkflistedkfbelow,kfdescribekfthekfgeneralkfpatternkfofkfhowkfspeciationkfoccu
rskfandkfprovidekfankfexamplekfofkfspeciationkfthatkfhaskffollowedkfthiskfpattern
(Allopatrykfthroughkfthekffounderkfeffect)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfsmallkfsubsetkfofkfthekfpopulationkfcolonizeskfakfnewkfareakf(geographicallykfseparatekffromkfthekflargerkf'back
ground'kfpopulation).kfOverkftime,kfdifferenceskfinkfmutations,kfgenetickfdrift,kfselection,kfetckfresultkfinkfgenetick
fdifferenceskfbetweenkfthekftwokfgroups.kfEventually,kfthesekfdifferenceskfarekfsignificantkfenoughkftokfproducekf
reproductivekfbarrierskfbetweenkfthekftwokfgroupskf(willkfnotkfsuccessfullykfinterbreedkfifkftheykfcomekfintokfcon
tactkfagain),kfsokfwekfthenkfconsiderkfthemkfseparatekfspecies.
Forkfeachkfofkfthekftypeskfofkfspeciationkflistedkfbelow,kfdescribekfthekfgeneralkfpatternkfofkfhowkfspeciationkfoccu
rskfandkfprovidekfankfexamplekfofkfspeciationkfthatkfhaskffollowedkfthiskfpattern
,(Parapatry)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Onekf'edge'kfofkfthekfpopulationkfexperienceskfdifferentkfconditionskfthankfthekfbroaderkfpopulation;kfthekfgrou
pskfarekfnotkfgeographicallykfdistinct,kfbutkfarekfalsokfnotkffullykfintermixed,kftheykfarekfadjacentkftokfonekfanother
kforkfpartiallykfoverlapping.kfOverkftime,kfdifferenceskfinkfmutations,kfgenetickfdrift,kfselection,kfetckfresultkfinkfge
netickfdifferenceskfbetweenkfthekftwokfportionskfofkfthekfpopulation.kfEventually,kfthesekfdifferenceskfarekfsignifi
cantkfenoughkftokfproducekfreproductivekfbarrierskfbetweenkfthekftwokfgroupskf(willkfnotkfsuccessfullykfinterbre
edkfifkftheykfcomekfintokfcontactkfagain),kfsokfwekfthenkfconsiderkfthemkfseparatekfspecies.
Forkfeachkfofkfthekftypeskfofkfspeciationkflistedkfbelow,kfdescribekfthekfgeneralkfpatternkfofkfhowkfspeciationkfoccu
rskfandkfprovidekfankfexamplekfofkfspeciationkfthatkfhaskffollowedkfthiskfpattern
(Sympatry)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Somekfgenetickfchangekf(oftenkfakfmutationkforkfbehavioralkfshift)kfariseskfinkfonekforkfakffewkfindividualskfthatkfar
ekfdistributedkfacrosskfakfpopulation.kfThiskfmutationkforkfbehavioralkfchangekfresultskfinkfakfreproductivekfbarrie
rkfbetweenkfthesekfindividualskfandkfthekfrestkfofkfthekfpopulation.kfAskfthekfmutationkforkfbehavioralkfchangekfbe
comeskfmorekfcommon,kfwekfseekftwokfdistinctkfgroupskfemerge,kfwhichkfwekfconsiderkfseparatekfspecies.kf
*Ankfimportantkfdifferencekfbetweenkfsympatrykfandkfparapatrykfiskfthatkfthekftwokfgroupskfarekffullykfintermixe
dkfinkfsympatrykf(whilekftheykfarekfadjacentkforkftangentialkftokfonekfanotherkfinkfparapatry).
Whykfdoeskfspecializationkfleadkftokffasterkfspeciationkfrateskfthankfgroupskfthatkfarekfgeneralists?kf-
kfcorrectkfanswers-Specializationkfoftenkfproduceskfbehavioralkforkfgeographickfisolation.kf
EX:kfSpecializingkfonkfakfparticularkfpollinatorkfmeanskfthatkfpollinatorkfwillkflikelykfnotkfcarrykfpollenkffromkfonekfs
pecieskftokfanotherkf(behavioralkfisolation).kfSpecializationkfonkfakfparticularkfplantkfdietkfmeanskfthekfinsectskfwi
llkflikelykfonlykfmatekfwithkfotherkfindividualskfonkfthatkftypekfofkfplantkf(ecologicalkfhabitatkfisolation).
Whykfdoeskfincreasedkfdispersalkfabilitykfleadkftokflowerkfspeciationkfrates?kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Thinkkfaboutkfhowkffarkfofkfakfdistancekfiskfrequiredkftokfproducekfallopatrickfpopulationskfofkfakfspecies.kfForkforg
anismskfthatkfarekfpoorkfdispersers,kfsmallerkfdistanceskfwillkfisolatekfthemkfintokfpopulationskfthatkfcannotkfstay
kfconnectedkfviakfdispersal.kfBetterkfdisperserskfcankftravelkffurtherkfdistanceskfandkfkeepkfevenkfdisparatekfpopu
lationskfconnectedkfreproductively.kfConsequentlykfbetterkfdisperserskfwillkfbekflesskflikelykftokfexperiencekfallo
patrickfspeciationkfthankfpoorkfdispersers.
Whatkfiskfankfevolutionarykfradiation?kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Ankfevolutionarykfradiationkfiskfwhenkfspeciationkfproduceskfmanykfnewkfspecieskfwithinkfakfgivenkfgroupkfverykfr
apidlykf(onkfgeologickftimekfscales,kfsokfstillkfpossiblykfakfcouplekfmillionkfyears).
Whatkfmakeskfankfevolutionarykfradiationkfankfadaptivekfradiation?kfDescribekfankfexamplekfofkfankfadaptivekfra
diation.kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfradiationkfiskfconsideredkf'adaptive'kfwhenkfthekfnewkfspecieskfarekfspecificallykfadaptedkftokfparticularkfniche
skfwithinkfthekfecosystem.
, EX:kfHawaiiankfhoneycreeperkfbirds,kfinkfwhichkf55kfspecieskfevolvedkffromkftheirkfcommonkfancestorkf(Europea
nkfrosefinches)kfinkfaboutkf3kfmillionkfyears;kfthekfdifferentkfspecieskfarekfadaptedkftokfdifferentkffoodkfsourceskfwi
thkfaccompanyingkfmorphologicalkfadaptationskfinkftheirkfbeakkfstructure.
Pre-zygotickf-kfcorrectkfanswers-preventkfmatingkforkfpreventkffertilizationkfifkfmatingkfoccurs
Post-zygotickf-kfcorrectkfanswers-preventkfakfhybridkfzygotekffromkfdevelopingkfintokfakfviable,kffertilekfadult
Pre-zygotickfBarrierskf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
•kfHabitatkfIsolation:kfspecieskfoccupykfdifferentkfhabitats,kfneverkfcomekfintokfcontactkf
•kfTemporalkfIsolation:kfbreedkfduringkfdifferentkftimes
•kfBehavioralkfIsolation:kfIndividualskfdokfnotkfrecognizekfeachkfotherkfaskfpotentialkfmateskf
•kfMechanicalkfIsolation:kfphysicalkfdifferenceskfbetweenkfthekforganismskfpreventkfsuccessfulkfmating
•kfGametickfIsolation:kfspermkfiskfnotkfablekftokffertilizekfthekfegg
Post-zygotickfBarrierskf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
•kfReducedkfHybridkfViability:kfhybridkfoffspringkfdokfnotkfcompletekfdevelopmentkforkfhavekflowkfsurvivorship
•kfReducedkfHybridkfFertility:kfhybridkfoffspringkfarekfviable,kfbutkfincapablekfofkfreproduction
•kfHybridkfBreakdown:kfhybridkfoffspringkfarekfviablekfandkffertile,kfbutkfsubsequentkfoffspringkfarekfinviablekforkf
sterile
Monophyletickf-kfcorrectkfanswers-includeskfankfancestorkfandkfallkfofkfitskfdescendants
Whichkfhaskfakflargerkfimpactkfonkfthekfenergykfavailablekfatkfupperkftrophickflevels:kfprimarykfproductivitykforkfef
ficiencykfofkfenergykfmovementkfacrosskftrophickflevels?kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
efficiencykfofkfenergykftransferkfhaskfakflargerkfimpactkfonkfthekfenergykfavailabilitykfatkfhigherkftrophickflevels
Describekfhowkfthekffollowingkftermskfrelatekftokfonekfanother:kfconsumptionkfefficiency,kfassimilationkfefficien
cy,kfproductionkfefficiency,kfandkfecologicalkfefficiencykf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Eachkfofkfthekfefficiencykftermskffocuskfonkfakfparticularkf'step'kfofkfthekfprocesskfofkfenergykfmovementkfbetween
kftrophickflevels.kf
