BIOL 2460 Exam 4 Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BIO 2460
Institution
BIO 2460
Signs objective and measurable. Can be measured by a clinician. -body temp. (98.6 F) -heart rate (60-100 beats per minute) -breathing rate (12-18 breaths per minute) -blood pressure (between 90/60 and 120/80 mm Hg)
Symptoms Subjective. Felt by the patient but cannot be clinically confirmed or obje...
BIOL 2460 Exam 4 Practice Questions
and Correct Answers
Signs ✅objective and measurable. Can be measured by a clinician.
-body temp. (98.6 F)
-heart rate (60-100 beats per minute)
-breathing rate (12-18 breaths per minute)
-blood pressure (between 90/60 and 120/80 mm Hg)
Symptoms ✅Subjective. Felt by the patient but cannot be clinically confirmed or
objectively measured.
-nausea
-loss of appetite
-pain
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale ✅Rate pain on a scale from 0-10
Syndrome ✅A specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular
disease.
Asymptomatic ✅aka subclinical. Do not resent any noticeable signs or symptoms.
-ex. Herpes simplex virus remain asymptomatic and unaware that they have been
infected
Classification of Diseases ✅Determined by the World Heath Organization (WHO)
International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Used to classify diseases and monitor
morbidity (# of cases) and mortality (# of deaths)
Infectious Disease ✅Any disease cause by the direct effect of a pathogen.
-cellular (bacteria, parasites, and fungi)
-acellular(viruses, viroids, and prions)
Communicable disease ✅Capable of being spread person to person by either direct or
indirect mechanisms.
Contagious diseases ✅Easily spread from person to person.
-ex. Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be transmitted when an
infected person coughs or sneezes and an uninfected person breathes in droplets
containing the virus.
Iatrogenic diseases ✅Diseases that are contracted as the result of a medical
procedure.
,-ex. Necrotizing fasciitis due to bandages of dressings being contaminated with
Clostridium perfringens
Nosocomial diseases ✅Diseases acquired in a hospital setting.
Zoonotic disease ✅aka zoonosis. A disease that occurs when a pathogen is
transferred from a vertebrate animal to a human (WHO).
-ex. Rabies
-many rely on insects or arthropods for transmission. Examples include yellow fever and
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Noncommunicable disease ✅Infectious disease that is not spread from one person to
another.
-ex. Clostridium Tetani and Legionella Pneumophila
Noninfectious disease ✅Diseases not caused by pathogens. Can be caused by a wide
variety of factors including genetics, the environment, or immune system dysfunction.
-ex. Sickle cell anemia
Incubation period of a disease ✅Occurs in an acute disease after the initial entry of the
pathogen into the host.
-pathogen begins multiplying in the host
-Insufficient # of pathogens to present signs and symptoms
-acute: a day or two
-chronic: months or years
Prodromal period of a disease ✅The pathogen continues to multiply and the host
begins to experience general signs and symptoms of illness, which typically result from
the activation of the immune system.
-soreness, pain, fever, swelling, or inflammation
Period of illness of a disease ✅The signs and symptoms of the disease are most
obvious and severe.
Period of decline of a disease ✅The number of pathogen particles begin to decrease
and the signs and symptoms begin to decline.
-patients may become susceptible to developing secondary infections because their
immune systems have been weakened by the primary infection.
Period of Convalescence of a disease ✅The patient generally returns to normal
functions.
- some diseases may inflict permanent damage that the body cannot repair.
Acute disease ✅Pathologic changes occur over a short period of time and involve a
rapid onset of disease conditions.
, -ex. Influenza (influenza virus): incubation period (1-2 days); contagious (5 days after
becoming ill); period of decline (~1 week)
Chronic disease ✅Pathologic changes can occur over a long period of time.
-ex. Chronic gastritis (adapts to the ph of the stomach and produces urease which
modifies acidity of the environment allowing for Helicobacter pylori to survive
indefinitely)
-Hepatitis B virus can cause a chronic infection
Latent disease ✅The casual pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with
no active replication.
-herpes simplex virus
-chicken pox>may reactivate decades later and come back as shingles
-mononucleosis
Koch Postulates ✅Method for determining whether a particular microorganism was the
cause of a particular disease.
Koch Postulates: Criterion ✅1.The suspected pathogen must be found in every case of
disease and not be found in healthy individuals.
2.The suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3.A healthy test subject infected with the suspected pathogen must develop the same
signs and symptoms of disease as seen in postulate 1.
4.The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and must be identical to the
pathogen of postulate 2.
Koch Postulate: limitations on postulate 1 ✅He assumed that pathogens are only
found in diseased, not healthy, individuals.
-ex. H. Pylori is a pathogen that causes chronic gastritis but is also found as a part of
the normal gut microbiota of the stomach in many healthy humans.
Koch Postulates: limitations on health of each individual ✅He assumed that all healthy
test subjects are equally susceptible to the disease.
-Individuals are unique when it comes to their microbiota and the state of their immune
system.
-Some microbiota may prevent a pathogen from establishing an infection and there are
some people's microbiota that may not prevent infection at all.
-Some people have stronger immune systems
Koch Postulates: limitations due to culture ✅He assumed that all pathogens are
microorganisms that can grow in pure culture (postulate 2) and animals could serve as
reliable models for human disease.
-Not all pathogens can be grown in pure culture
-Many human diseases cannot be reliably replicated by animal hosts
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