Summary
Summary Biol 174 Final Exam Study Guide
- Course
- Bio 174
- Institution
- Bloomsburg University Of Pennsylvania
This is a comprehensive and detailed final exam study guide for Biol 174.
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1Study Guide for Final
Anatomy & Physiology 2
Dr. Surmacz
Chapter 19 – Blood:
What is the Cardiovascular System?
System that provides the body’s cells with nutrients and oxygen and
removes wastes
Includes heart, vessels and blood
Blood is a connective tissue
Functions of Blood:
Transport of nutrients, gases and wastes
Stabilizes body temperature
Buffer – regulates pH
Defense against bacteria, disease-causing organisms and toxins
Prevent blood loss – clotting
Physical Characteristics of Blood:
Temperature
o Normal – 100.4 F or 38 C
o Slightly higher than body temperature
Viscosity
o 5x more viscous than water!
o Stickiness; cohesiveness
o Resistant to flow
Solute Concentration
o Equivalent to 0.9% NaCl
o ISOTONIC
pH
o -log[H+]
o Normal: 7.35-7.45
o Slightly basic
Percent of Body Weight
o 7%
Blood Volume
o Males: 5-6 liters
o Females: 4-5 liters
Collecting Blood for Analysis
Venipuncture. Why?
o Low pressure
o Superficial
o Thin walled
,2
Peripheral Capillaries
o Fingertip
o Used to determine blood glucose, cholesterol, hemoglobin, etc.
Arterial Puncture
o Blood gases
Fractionated Blood
The components have been separated by centrifugation
Hematocrit = (volume of packed red cells)/(volume of whole blood)
o Normal: 45%
Plasma Composition
Water
o 92%
o Main component
o Dissolved gases
Plasma Proteins
o Albumin
60% of proteins
Contribute to the osmotic pressure
Solute
o Globulins
35% of proteins
Immunoglobulins
Defense
Transport Globulins
Hormone binding globulins
o Hormones
Metalloproteins
o Metals and iron
Lipoproteins
o Lipids and cholesterol
Steroid binding proteins
o Testosterone and estrogen
o Fibrinogen
4%
Involved in blood clotting
o Regulatory Proteins
1%
Hormones and enzymes
Other Solutes
o 1%
o Electrolytes
Salts/ions = conduct electrical currents
Main: sodium
,3
Others: potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium,
bicarbonate, sulfate, phosphate
o Organic Nutrients
Main: glucose,
Others: cholesterol, amino acids, fatty acids
o Organic Wastes
Main: urea
Others: uric acid, bilirubin, ammonia
The Formed Elements: Erythrocytes
Abundance: most abundance of the formed elements
Males: 4.5-6.3 million RBC/mm3
Females: 4.2-5.3 million RBC/mm3
Erythrocyte Structure:
Biconcave disk
Very specialized for function
Lacks nucleus and organelles
Significance of Shape
o Can bend and flex
Important when going through capillaries
o Can stack
Allows them to flow easily through capillaries
o Large surface area
Very good for gas exchange
Hemoglobin:
Structure
o 4 protein chains
o 4 heme groups
Functions
o Transports oxygen
Normal concentration
o Males: 14-18 g/100mL of blood
o Females: 12-16 g/100mL of blood
Occurrence of Erythropoiesis:
Embryo
o Yolk sac (8 weeks)
Fetus
o (2 months-5 months)
o Liver and speen
Adult
o Red bone marrow
, 4
Stages of RBC Maturation:
Starts with myeloid stem cells
Day 1: Proerythroblast
Day 2: Basophilic Erythroblast and hemoglobin is synthesized
Day 3: Polychromatophilic Erythroblast and hemoglobin is synthesized
Day 4: Normoblast, hemoglobin is synthesized and nucleus is ejected
Days 5-7: Reticulocyte, contains some ER, enters blood circulation,
0.8% in blood
Mature RBC in blood stream
Requirements:
Amino acids to make globulin
Iron to make heme
Vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid
Regulation:
Stimulated by hypoxia
Tells the kidneys to release erythropoietin (EPO)
EPO goes to red bone marrow
Erythropoiesis and oxygen carrying capacity are increased
Lifespan and Fate of Erythrocytes:
~120 days
10% rupture
90% are engulfed by macrophages
Macrophages do the following
o Breakdown RBC into hemoglobin
o Hemoglobin into heme groups and globin
o Globin breaks down into amino acids that are used by
macrophage
o Heme groups break down into iron and heme
o Iron goes to blood stream
o Heme breaks down into biliverdin
o Biliverdin breaks down into bilirubin
o Bilirubin goes to liver to be excreted in bile
o Bilirubin breaks down into urobilins and stercobilins
o Urobilins are excreted through urine
o Stercobilins are excreted through feces
Blood Types:
Type A
o Antigen A
o Antibody b
o Clumps with types B & AB
o Can receive types A & O
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