Abraham Maslow - ANSWER-Developed the Hierarchy of Needs, which he theorized to
be the unconscious desires that motivate people
accommodations - ANSWER-provide student access to the same curriculum as their
grade-level peers, but information is presented in a different way
Albert Bandura - ANSWER-Canadian psychologist who developed the social learning
theory
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - ANSWER-prohibits discrimination based on
disabilities; in schools, this includes activities that take place both on and off campus,
including athletics and extracurricular activities
attribution theory - ANSWER-internal is assumed when other people make mistakes or
are victims, since individuals tend to see others as a predictable stereotype; when an
individual makes a mistake, he or she tends to view the cause as external
B.F. Skinner - ANSWER-expanded on operant conditioning but focused on responding
to environment in lieu of responding to stimuli
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - ANSWER-conversational English
Benjamin Bloom - ANSWER-contributed to the taxonomy of educational objectives and
the theory of mastery learning
classic conditioning - ANSWER-this practice involves learning a response to stimuli or
the environment
classical conditioning - ANSWER-a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflex
response through conditioning
code-switching - ANSWER-happens when students slip into native language while
speaking their second language or vice versa
cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) - ANSWER-a student's ability to
comprehend academic vocabulary in English
cognitive disabilities - ANSWER-impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive
behavior
cognitive dissonance theory - ANSWER-uneasiness is felt when an individual has
conflicting thoughts
cognitive domain - ANSWER-deals with acquiring intellect; the ways students process
new information, store knowledge, and retrieve it to apply to new circumstances fall
within this domain
,cognitive processes - ANSWER-involve acquiring new knowledge and skills and being
able to apply new learning to new situaitons and draw conclusions from it
differentiation - ANSWER-means providing curricula for students based on their
individual needs, including learning styles and level
divergent thinkers - ANSWER-people who think more deeply and differently from other
people
Edward Thorndike - ANSWER-his research initially led to operant conditioning; his
learning laws include the law of effect, the law of readiness, and the law of exercise
engage - ANSWER-inspiring interest or motivation
English-language learner (ELL) - ANSWER-students whose native language is not
English
English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) - ANSWER-objectives that not only
support ESL instruction but also increase students' academic readiness in the content
areas
Erik Erikson - ANSWER-his theory of psychosocial development focuses on reconciling
individual needs with the needs of society through stages
exceptionality - ANSWER-strength or weakness in academic functioning that requires
extra attention to meet the needs of the student
extrinsic motivation - ANSWER-an external reward
feedback - ANSWER-information about performance
foundational theorists - ANSWER-the people who provided the framework by which all
current knowledge of cognitive processes is based
individualized education plan (IEP) - ANSWER-an annual meeting for each special
education student that outlines the student's learning goals and identifies the
accommodations and modifications that will be offered to the student
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) - ANSWER-provides guidelines to
schools to help address the individual needs of special education students
intellectually gifted - ANSWER-students with an IQ greater than 130
intrinsic motivation - ANSWER-an internal reward
, Jean Piaget - ANSWER-Swiss psychologist who was the first to study cognition in
children; he identified stages of development and contributed to schema learning
Jerome Bruner - ANSWER-a constructivist theorist who contributed to the three modes
of representation to the field of cognitive development
John Dewey - ANSWER-a pragmatic philosopher who viewed learning as a series of
scientific inquiry and experimentation; he advocated real-world experiences and
volunteerism
John Watson - ANSWER-coined the term behaviorism, which objectively measures
behavior in response to stimuli
knowledge - ANSWER-acquired intellectual information
language acquisition - ANSWER-the process by which a new language is learned
language impairments - ANSWER-difficulty with comprehension
Lawrence Kohlberg - ANSWER-identified the stages of moral development
learning styles - ANSWER-children learn in different ways
learning theories - ANSWER-describe how genetics, development, environment,
motivation, and emotions affect a student's ability to acquire and apply knowledge
Lev Vygotsky - ANSWER-Russian psychologist who researched what has become the
social development theory; more knowledgeable other (MKO) and zone of proximal
development (ZPD) are the two main tenets of his philosophy
metacognition - ANSWER-thinking about the learning process
modifications - ANSWER-changes made to the curriculum because students are so far
behind that they are unable to use the same curriculum as their peers
moral domain - ANSWER-deals with the acquisition of morals and values
motivation theory - ANSWER-explains the driving forces behind conduct
motor disabilities - ANSWER-characterized by loss of movement; may be caused by
injury or disease
operant conditioning - ANSWER-provides rewards or punishment as a motivation for
desired performance
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