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CDCES Exam questions Exam Prep with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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CDCES Exam questions Exam Prep with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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CDCES Exam questions Exam Prep withcomplete solutions 2024/2025
What are the components of a good insulin injection technique? - ANSWER-
Proper insulin injection technique includes injecting into appropriate body areas,
injection site rotation, appropriate care of injection sites to avoid infection or
other complications, and avoidance of intramuscular (IM) insulin delivery (64)
What are the treatment recommendations for type 1 diabetes? - ANSWER-9.1
Most people with type 1 diabetes should be treated with multiple daily injections
of prandial and basal insulin, or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. A
9.2 Most individuals with type 1 diabetes should use rapid-acting insulin analogs
to reduce hypoglycemia risk. A
9.3 Patients with type 1 diabetes should be trained to match prandial insulin
doses to carbohydrate intake, premeal blood glucose, and anticipated physical
activity. (64)
What are the treatment recommendations for type 2 diabetes? What are the 4
reasons for early introduction of insulin? How often should treatment be re-
evaluated? - ANSWER-"When diet and exercise are no longer sufficient:
1) "Metformin is the preferred initial pharmacologic agent for the treatment of
type 2 diabetes." (64)
2) "Once initiated, metformin should be continued as long as it is tolerated and
not contraindicated; other agents, including insulin, should be added to
metformin." (64)
3. "Among patients with type 2 diabetes who have established atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease or indicators of high risk, established kidney disease, or
heart failure, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor or glucagon-like peptide
,1 receptor agonist with demonstrated cardiovascular disease benefit is
recommended as part of the glucose-lowering regimen independent of A1C and
in consideration of patient-specific factors. (i.e. liraglutide, caniglifozin,
empagliflozin)" (64)
4. "The early introduction of insulin should be considered if there is
evidence of ongoing catabolism (weight loss), if symptoms of
hyperglycemia are present, or when A1C levels (>10% [86
mmol/mol]) or blood glucose levels (≥300 mg/dL [16.7 mmol/L]) are
very high." (64)
5. "The medication regimen and medication-taking behavior should be
reevaluated at regular intervals (every 3-6 months) and adjusted as needed to
incorporate specific factors that impact choice of treatment" (64)
What are the types of long-acting insulin? - ANSWER-NPH, U-500 regular,
Detemir, Glargine, U-300 Glargine and Degludec (12)
What are the types of short-acting insulin? - ANSWER-Afrezza, Fiasp, Apart,
Glulisine, Lispro, U-200 Lispro, Human regular, U-500 regular (12)
What hormones influence hepatic glucose production? - ANSWER-Cortisol,
Growth hormone, Glucagon, Epi/ Norepi, Progesterone, Estrogen (12)
What are the advantages of continuous insulin infusion as compared to multiple
daily injections? - ANSWER-Ability to account for dawn phenomenon, implement
temp basal rates, have variable schedules, skip/delay meals without
hypoglycemia (12)
What supplies are needed for pump vacations or as a back up? - ANSWER-
Injectable basal & bolus insulin, vial or pen, syringes/ pen needles, dosages,
transition plan back to pump (12)
What is the transtheoretical model? - ANSWER-An integrative framework for
understanding how individuals and populations progress toward adopting and
maintaining health behaviour change. It recognizes that behaviour occurs in
steps, not all at once - precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action,
maintenance, termination
, What is the socio-ecological model? - ANSWER-The construct of health was
broadly conceptualized in the SEM and focused on the major contributors that
might affect health. The SEM states that health is affected by the interaction
between the characteristics of the individual, the community, and the
environment that includes the physical, social, and political components. -
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1059924X.2017.1358971
What is the health belief model? - ANSWER-The HBM derives from psychological
and behavioral theory with the foundation that the two components of health-
related behavior are 1) the desire to avoid illness, or conversely get well if already
ill; and, 2) the belief that a specific health action will prevent, or cure, illness.
Ultimately, an individual's course of action often depends on the person's
perceptions of the benefits and barriers related to health behavior. -
https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/
behavioralchangetheories2.html
What is self-efficacy? - ANSWER-This refers to the level of a person's confidence
in his or her ability to successfully perform a behavior. This construct was added
to the model most recently in mid-1980. Self-efficacy is a construct in many
behavioral theories as it directly relates to whether a person performs the desired
behavior. -
https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/
behavioralchangetheories2.html
What is social learning theory (Bandura)? - ANSWER-There are three core
concepts at the heart of social learning theory. First is the idea that people can
learn through observation. Next is the notion that internal mental states are an
essential part of this process. Finally, this theory recognizes that just because
something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in
behavior. - https://www.verywellmind.com/social-learning-theory-2795074
He also emphasized that four conditions were necessary in any form of observing
and modeling behavior: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation" (39)
What is health literacy? - ANSWER-''the personal characteristics and social
resources needed for individuals and communities to access, understand,
appraise and use information and services to make decisions about health" (45)
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