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NSG 522 BIOSTATS & EPID – PT 2, FINAL EXAM FOCUS ON EPIDEMIOLOGY
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NSG 522 BIOSTATS & EPID – PT 2, FINAL EXAM FOCUS ON EPIDEMIOLOGY...
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NSG 522 BIOSTATS & EPID – PT 2,FINAL EXAM FOCUS ON
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Acute Communicable Diseases - Answer Acute means sudden onset, relatively
harsh, and brief duration of s/s.
Communicable = spread from person to person or throughout a population;
contagious.
Flu, PNA, Lyme disease, Mumps, Measles, and Cholera
Acute noncommunicable diseases: ANSWER Tetanus, Legionnaires, and
Anthrax
Chronic communicable diseases: ANSWER Chronic = less severe but long-
lasting.
Cancer (cervical), leprosy, polio, syphilis, tuberculosis
Chronic noncommunicable diseases include ETOH, CA, DM, cardiac disorders,
and paralysistanus.
Epidemiological triad: ANSWER Agent -> Host -> Environment.
Consider where interventions should be directed.
BEINGS MODEL - ANSWER Develops fundamental components of the
epidemiological triad and identifies the numerous host and environmental
factors that influence disease development.
Biological, behavioural: bio = age, gender, weight, bone density; behav =
smoker, ETOH, sexual activity, driving habits.
,Environmental
Immunological-vaccine status, herd immunity (>85%), cocooning.
Nutritional
Genetic
Health services, including social and spiritual ones, increase the danger of
unneeded operations, medical blunders, and so on.
The web of causation displays the interaction of causative and preventive
elements, as well as the complexity or multicausality of disease.
Bradford Hill - Criteria for Determining Causation:
Strength of association
Consistency
Specificity
Temporal connection.
Biological gradient
Plausibility
Coherence
, Analogy
Experimental evidence
Stages of disease: ANSWER Susceptibility: 1'
Subclinical: 2'
Clinical- before dx 2' and after dx 3'
Recovery, incapacity, and death—3'
Susceptibility - Answer The person is healthy but susceptible. Primary
prevention here.
Subclinical - Answer Screening detects pathological alterations that are
asymptomatic, leading to secondary prevention and screenings. Chronic
diseases have a latent period, while infectious diseases have an incubation
period (which can be spread).
Clinical - Answer Diagnosis typically happens at the onset of symptoms,
leading to secondary treatment and tertiary care after diagnosis.
ANSWER: Recovery, disability, or death Use tertiary prevention to lessen the
long-term consequences of disease and disability.
Direct transmission modes include kissing, intercourse, soil contact, and
droplets.
Indirect: conveyance (food, water, bedding, instruments), or vector (bugs).
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