100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
PSYC 330 Exam 3 Preparatory Notes $13.59   Add to cart

Class notes

PSYC 330 Exam 3 Preparatory Notes

 4 views  0 purchase

Detailed and comprehensive exam Preparatory Notes for Psyc 330. *Essential Study Material!!

Preview 4 out of 31  pages

  • September 29, 2024
  • 31
  • 2020/2021
  • Class notes
  • Prof. diaz
  • All classes
All documents for this subject (16)
avatar-seller
anyiamgeorge19
History
● Strong association with human society
○ Fermentation is said to have developed in parallel with civilization
● Speculation that human alcohol use is linked evolutionarily to a preference for a
fermenting fruit
○ Presence of ethanol signals fruit is ripe but not yet rotten
● Earliest records of distilled spirits appeared in china - 1000 BC
○ Alchemists were captivated by the invisible “spirit”
■ Remedy for almost all diseases
● Whiskey is derived from usquebaugh
○ Gaelic for water of life
○ Becomes major ingredient of many tonics and elixirs
● Alcohol
○ Methyl (wood alcohol)
■ Produced synthetically
■ Antifreeze, fuel
○ Ethyl (grain alcohol)
■ Produced by fermentation - can be consumed
○ Isopropyl (rubbing alcohol)
■ Not naturally occurs
■ And can kill you if you consume just like methyl
● How do you make ethyl alcohol
○ Fermentation
■ Organic material with sugar content
■ Yeast (from air) consumes the sugar
● 1 molecule of sugar consumed
● 2 molecules of alcohol + 2 molecule of carbon dioxide
○ Distillation
■ Fermented beverage is heated to a vapor, which is then cooled
■ What is the purpose of this
■ Becomes more concentrated
● Consumption changes across history
○ The average american drinker:
○ 1800s
■ 4-5 standard drinks per day
○ Currently
■ 3-4 drinks per week
● Us alcohol use (2019 NSDUH)
○ Highest consumption in college age
○ 52.5% (18-22 years) drank in the past month

, ○ 33% binge drink (5% or more drink on an occasion) in the past month
○ 8.2% engaged in heavy drinking (5 or more drinks on an occasion on 5 or more
occasions per month) in the past month
● Alcohol content of various beverages
○ Beer - 4-6% - 8-12 proof
○ Wine - 7-15% - 14-30 proof
○ Spirits - 40-95% - 80 - 190 proof
● Alcohol beverage equivalents: standard drinks
○ 12 oz beer or cooler which is 5% alcohol
○ 8-9 oz of malt liquor
○ 5 oz of table wine
○ 1.5 oz of liquor, vodka, gin, bourbon
● Broad scope
○ Economic burden >200b/year
■ Medical and social impacts
○ 100,000 deaths/year
○ 15.1 million (1:20) meet criteria for alcohol use disorder (2015)
■ Diagnosis and treatment often delayed until disease is advance
● Complicated by social and health issues → difficult to treat
■ Among the diseases with genetic and environmental influences
● Stigmas and moral failures impede recognition and treatment of
alcohol problems
● ADMET(T)
○ Large amounts required for physiological effects
■ Consumption more like a food than a drug
● Serving size is about 14g in a typical beer, glass of wine, or shot
● consumed/dosage in gram quantities
● Absorption
○ Oral route of administration
■ Most common method
○ Inhalation
■ AWOL (alcohol w/ out liquid)
■ Vaportini
■ Higher blood alcohol levels (BALs)
■ Banned in most states
○ Powdered alcohol (palcohol)
■ Approved in 2016
■ Banned in 31 states
○ Simple small molecule
■ Soluble in water and lipids

, ■ Neutral particle - diffuses easily through membranes
○ Rapidly absorbed into bloodstream
■ Stomach (slower) and small intestine (faster)
■ Distributes into total body water
○ What about food in the stomach
■ It will slow down ethanol absorption → lower BAL
● Distribution
○ Weight
○ Gender
■ muscle/fat ratio greater for men
○ Age
○ Distributed throughout the body
■ 90% reaches blood → crosses blood brain barrier
● Blood alcohol level/concentration (BAL/BAC)
○ Concentration of alcohol in blood
○ Metric measurements and percent
■ BAL expressed in mg of alcohol per 100 millimeters (deciliter)
● 80 mg/dL → .08g/100mL → .08%
○ Legal limit is .08% (80mg/dL ~17mM)
○ Standard drink contains ~30mg/dL
○ Age 20 weight 170 lbs gender male
○ Drinking time 3 hrs
○ Drinks - 3 patron shots
● Alcohol metabolism in the liver
○ Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system - utilized cytochrome p450
■ Byproducts include toxins, free radicals and H2O2
○ Acetaldehyde - toxic and may be involved in the hangover
Alcohol (ethanol) cont
● Metabolism cont
○ Liver metabolizes majority of ethanol
○ Fatty acids build up in liver
■ Leads to cell death
■ Alcoholic fatty liver → alcoholic hepatitis → cirrhosis → liver failure
○ Some breakdown in stomach
■ Males > females
● Excretion
○ ~2-8% unchanged through lungs
■ Breathalyzers useful for determining BAL
○ 90-95% oxidized slowly (kidney)
○ Alcohol increases urination

, ■ Ingestion of liquid
■ Suppression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
● Pharmacodynamics
○ “Dirty” drug - in the way the mechanism of actions have been identified
■ Ethanol can do all things to systems in the brain and in the body
■ Shifts the balance between the excitatory and inhibitory in the brain
● Mechanism of action
○ Alcohol can enhance the inhibition in the brain (GABAa) and decreases the
excitation (glutamate) in the brain → these are the acute effects
○ Disturbs fine balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences
■ Result in anxiolysis, amnesia, ataxia and sedation
○ Number of putative sites of action have been identified
■ Likely produces its effects by simultaneously altering function of
numerous proteins that affect neuronal excitability
● Additional sites of action
○ Ligand gated ion channels
■ Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
■ Serotonin (5-HT3) receptors
○ Multiple metabotropic receptors
■ Dopamine receptors
■ Opioid receptors
○ Voltage gated channels
■ Calcium channels
■ Sodium channels
● Behavioral effects
○ Acute intoxication (non tolerant individuals)




● Peripheral effects
○ Dilates blood vessels - open them up
○ Decreases body temp
○ Increases effect of other depressant drugs
● Tolerance and dependence
○ Acute tolerance

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $13.59. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$13.59
  • (0)
  Add to cart