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CSMLS REVIEW HISTOLOGY Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Already Passed!!!
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CSMLS REVIEW HISTOLOGY Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Already Passed!!!
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CSMLS REVIEW HISTOLOGY QuestionsAnd Answers With Verified Solutions
Already Passed!!!
Grossing - ANSWER✔✔ described tissues (size, weight, colour)
Large tissue take section (want outer edge of bad and some normal, and lymph
nodes)
small tissue do whole thing
Put in formalin to start to fix
Immunoflourescent studies not fixed
Brain fixed several days before being grossed (large container) via circle of willis
avoid cone head artifact (big enough container req)
Uterus (cut open and then fixed)
cervix is of concern and fibroids
Masectomy prolonged fixation
lung inflated with formalin
Hematology = mercury fixative (spleen)
sliced first (capsule slows fixation)
,Dictation of what is in each cassette
Fixation Delay - ANSWER✔✔ If not done properly cannot be corrected
Goal is to preserve morphology
If delayed
- cell swelling (larger), due to osmotic balance water accumulated
- glassy cytoplasm (clearer), glycogen is used up
-Eosinophilia: use of glycogen = lactic acid, lower pH, denature proteins, increase
pos, increase eosin, organelles (RER) broken down decreased Hx
- Surface changes: low pH denature filaments, lose cell attachments
(Desmosomes), desquamation (CHAOS)
- Nuclear changes: lysosomes need exact pH to keep enzymes inactive (need E),
when gone enzymes active = nuclease
Karyolysis: Chromatin fades
Pyknosis: nucleus shrinks and dark
Karyorrhexis: Fragment nucleus
Putrefaction: bacteria proliferate, enzymes damage tissues
Autolysis: damage tissue no nuclei
Types of fixatives - ANSWER✔✔ Chemical
- change protein shape (denature) inactive enzymes
Picric acid, formaldehyde, mercuric chloride, dichromate, osmium tetroxide, zinc
salts, alcohol
,Physical
- heat removes water, changing shape inactive enzymes
Air dried (heme malignancy)
post fixed with methanol
Coating fixatives = spray covers
Fluid specimens
- centrifuge and then smear
Chemical Fixative details (coagulant) - ANSWER✔✔ Coagulant fixatives (type of
chemical)
Alcohol (smears)
Acetic acid(w/others)inc nuclear detail
Acetone= fix frozen sections
Mercury (not used alone= compound)
enhanced nuclear staining (hematology)
toxic and corrosive
ARTIFACT black pigment (not around blood - like formalin pigment,
****remove with lugol's iodine and sodium thiosulphate)
Zinc sulfate
safer than mercury
Ag preservation, stabilizes protein conformation (histidine and cysteine)
, Picric acid (phenol) (coagulation/additive)
also a stain
fix with alcohol after (keeps salt picrates that are formed)
*** explosive when dry
improved staining with anionic dyes bc acid
has yellow colour removed with washing in high pH
Aldehyde Fixatives - ANSWER✔✔ Non-coagulant
Formalin and glutaraldehyde
formaldehyde = gas-> saturated = aqueous formalin 100%
used at 10% formalin 3.7% formaldehyde
slow at acidic, fast in alkaline ***
paraformaldehyde = precipitate polymer white ( leads to ineffective fixation) some
methanol can prevent
Formalin pigment
Spontaneous oxidation= formic acid lower pH
in bloody tissues (when hgb breaks into acid hematein)
prevented by buffering or make fresh
** Remove with alcoholic picric acid
Formalin penetrates fast but fixes slow (24 hr (can start with formalin and finish in
alcohol to speed up)
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