SPSC2131 Skill Acquisition and Motor Learning Revision Questions & Answers
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Course
SPSC2131
Institution
SPSC2131
Motor Skill Acquisition - ANSWER- Concerned with the child's ability to solve movement problems to accomplish everyday functional tasks in areas of self care, school, play, mobility, and communication
- Factors affecting ones ability to solve movement problems is based off 3 factors
1. Motor Lear...
SPSC2131 Skill Acquisition and Motor
Learning Revision Questions & Answers
Motor Skill Acquisition - ANSWER- Concerned with the child's ability to solve movement
problems to accomplish everyday functional tasks in areas of self care, school, play,
mobility, and communication
- Factors affecting ones ability to solve movement problems is based off 3 factors
1. Motor Learning
2. Motor Control
3. Motor Development
Motor Learning - ANSWER- Looks at movement processes, through practice OR
experience, that lead to permanent change in a person's capacity for skilled action
- Improved when person is involved in purposeful, functional activity
Motor Control - ANSWER- Looks at how movement is controlled by musculoskeletal &
CNS
-> NDT
Motor Development - ANSWER- Looks at how motor behavior changes over lifespan
- Occurs through exploration of environment & in conjunction with personal
characteristics
- NOT based off a rigid sequence of the CNS
Dynamic Systems Theory - ANSWER- No one system has priority
- Subsystems involved vary with task, requirements and environmental demands
- Resulting movement is a solution based on systems interacting
-> 3 General Systems:
1. Person
2. Task
3. Environment
Closed Task - ANSWER- Environment is STATIONARY during task performance = less
demand
- Can have either:
-> Little variability (putting on shoes)
-> A lot of variability (putting a book bag on)
- W/ early stages of motor learning, closed tasks should be used
Open Task - ANSWER- Environment is in MOTION during task = most demand on child
- Movement strategies require timing considerations, making it difficult on children with
motor deficits
,- Need practice that includes variability in:
1. Movement
2. Timing
3. Force
4. Magnitude
Principles of Learning Theory - ANSWER1. Practice & Experimentation
2. Variation
3. Instruction & Feedback
Practice & Experimentation - ANSWER- Repeatedly trying to produce motor behaviors
that are beyond or challenge current functional ability
- CRITICAL for acquiring new skills
- Amount of practice looked at one of the most important factors of motor skill
acquisition
- RANDOM PRACTICE w/ VARIED TASKS = most effective for long-term learning
Variation - ANSWER- Flexible strategies are developed through a practice context with
variation
-> this promotes GENERALIZATION of learned strategy from 1 task to another & one
environment to another
- OT's must provide carryover activities for home & school environments (tasks just in
therapy is not enough)
Instruction & Feedback - ANSWER- Consists of verbal, gestures, facial expressions,
auditory & tactile cues, as well as manual guidance
- LEAST AMOUNT given as possible -> for adequate correction [provide after 50% of
movement attempts completed]
** decrease as learning progresses, and provide summary feedback, not at every
attempt
exteroception provides information to the processing system about: - ANSWERthe state
of the environment
2. Which of the following does not provide proprioceptive information to a performer -
ANSWERo Optical flow
3. All of the following regarding closed loop control are accurate except - ANSWERo
The system involves error correction without the use of feedback
4. The M1 feedback loop is at a low level in the spinal cord and does not involve____ -
ANSWERo Voluntary control
,5. Feedforward information represents ___ - ANSWERo Anticipated sensory
consequences
6. Proprioception includes all of the following except - ANSWERo Sensory information
from outside of the body
7. The blind-sight phenomenon demonstrates that we can respond to objects in the
environment unconsciously - ANSWERo True
8. The visual system is used to detect the orientation of the body in the environment, is
non-conscious, and takes in all of the visual field - ANSWERo Dorsal stream vision
9. An open-loop system is not sensitive to whether or not actions were successful in
meeting the goal - ANSWERo True
10. According to GMP theory, invariant features make a pattern consistently appear the
same - ANSWERo True
11. The storage and the novelty are limitations to simple motor program theory -
ANSWERo True
12. ____ is thought of as building new, more stable, more precise and/or longer-
operating motor programs - ANSWERo Practice
13. For a quick pointing movement made with the arm while standing, the first muscles
to activate are the - ANSWERo Lower back and legs
14. This type of control system sends centrally determined, prestructured commands to
the effector and runs without feedback. It is used for rapid, discrete movements -
ANSWERo Open-loop control
15. According to GMP theory, parameters determine how a movement is executed -
ANSWERo True
16. ___ is a centrally located control mechanism that produces genetic, repetitive,
actions; it is similar to a motor program and triggered by some stimulus and seems to
use patterns for activations - ANSWERo A central pattern generator
17. Investigators from the ____ perspective state that the regularities of movement
patterns are not represented in programs but emerge naturally out of the complex
interactions among degrees of freedom - ANSWERo Self-organization
18. According to GMP theory, parameters determine how a movement is executed -
ANSWERo True
, 19. Motor program theory fails to explain which of the following - ANSWERo Novel tasks
and storage problems
20. Fitt's Law tells us all of the following except - ANSWERo MT decreases as
movement amplitude increases
21. Effective target width is a measure of - ANSWERo Accuracy
22. When a person attempts to produce the same force on repeated trials, ____ is
thought to be caused by relatively noisy processes that convert central nervous system
impulses into activation of muscle motor units - ANSWERo Variability
23. _____is a surgical procedure in which a bundle of nerves is severed an results in
the prevention of nerve impulses reaching the spinal cord; animal experiments using
this surgery provide evidence for motor programs - ANSWERo Deafferentation
24. Fitt's law states that movement time is linearly related to _____ - ANSWERo Index
of difficulty
25. ____ is the type of accuracy required of aiming movements for which the position of
the movement's end point is important to the performance - ANSWERo Spatial accuracy
26. If a movement is ___, instructions to decrease movement time have a detrimental
effect on spatial accuracy - ANSWERo Relatively slow
27. The differences in people's performance that are caused by differences in stable
and enduring abilities are - ANSWERo Individual differences
28. The method scientists use to examine variables that influence people's performance
in a uniform way is - ANSWERo Experimental approach
29. The method scientist use to examine individual abilities or difference (factors that
make people different from each other) is - ANSWERo Differential approach
30. The term ____ describes proficiencies that can be modified by practice and are
essentially countless in number - ANSWERo Skills
31. All of the following are important distinctions of abilities except - ANSWERo
Developed with practice
32. An early view that a single global ability is the basis for all motor behavior (now
viewed as incorrect) - ANSWERo General motor ability hypothesis
33. A view that several specific independent motor abilities are the basis for every type
of motor performance is - ANSWERo Specificity hypothesis
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