Exam (elaborations)
SYG 2000 UCF EXAM 1
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Exam study book The Scientific Study of Society of Max Steuer - ISBN: 9781475767919 (SYG 2000 UCF EXAM 1)
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SYG 2000 UCF EXAM 2 LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONSAND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
social structure - ANSWER: is a largely invisible system that coordinates human
activities in broadly predictable ways
social structure can shape - ANSWER: relationships, identities, barriers preventing
access to resources, and the ease by which those barriers can be broken
Social structures encompass four interrelated components - ANSWER: Statuses,
roles, groups, institutions
Statuses - ANSWER: Ascribed Status: are social positions assigned on the basis of
attributes people posses through no fault of their own- those attributes acquired at
birth (sex, eye color, etc)
Achieved Status: are attained through some combination of choice, effort, and
ability. (earned wealth, income, occupation, education)
Social Role - ANSWER: behavior expected of a status/ role in relation to another
status/role
Groups - ANSWER: -two or more people interact in largely predictable ways who
share expectations about their purpose for being
- group members hold statuses and enact roles that relate to the group's purpose
Types of groups - ANSWER: -Primary groups: face-to-face contact and strong
emotional ties
-secondary groups: two or more people who interact for a specific purpose and
whose relationships are confined to a particular setting and specific tasks
Institutions - ANSWER: -relatively stable and predictable social arrangements
-created and sustained with the purpose of coordinating human activity to meet a
need (food, shelter, clothing, etc)
Characteristics of Institutions - ANSWER: 1. have a history
2. continuously change
3. allocate scarce and valued resources in unequal ways
4. allocate privileged and disadvantaged status
5. Promote ideologies and legitimate their existence.
Modern Institutions and Rationalization - ANSWER: According to Max Weber,
rationalization is the process whereby action based on tradition, emotion, or
values is replaced by instrumental rational action
, Instrumental rational action - ANSWER: -result-oriented behavior and practices that
emphasize the most efficient methods for achieving some valued goal, regardless
of the consequences
-the end justifies the means (means-to-end thinking)
McDonaldization of Society - ANSWER: -guided by instrumental rational action
-the principals of the fast food industry have come to dominate other sectors of
society
-efficiency
-calculability
-predictability
-control
emotional labor - ANSWER: -Arlie Hochschild
-work that requires employees to display and suppress specific emotions or
manage customer emotions
-workers need to engage in emotion work, that is, they consciously work at
managing their feelings by evoking an expected emotional state or suppressing an
inappropriate emotional state.
-the emotional labor associated with service work can be an alienating experience
in much the same way as the repetitive physical labor we associate with the
assembly line
examples of social structures found in modern institutions? - ANSWER: statuses,
roles, primary and secondary groups, allocation of scarce and valued resources,
rationalization and McDonaldization, emotional labor, allocation of privileged and
disadvantaged status, promotion of ideologies and legitimate the existence of the
institution
Thomas Theorem - ANSWER: "If human beings define situations as real, they are
real in their consequences"
Definition of Situation - ANSWER: the meaning we give to our immediate
circumstances
Self-fulfilling prophecies - ANSWER: an assumption or prediction that, purely as a
result of having been made, causes the expected or predicted event to occur and
thus confirms its own "accuracy"
Self-fulfilling prophesies continued... - ANSWER: -what is believed to be real is more
important than what is factually correct
-we respond to our interpretation of reality not to reality itself
-we create our own reality
traditional cause-and-effect explanations - ANSWER: a present event causes a
future effect/ outcome:
Present (cause/action)->future (effect/reaction)
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