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Lab Medicine Quiz 4
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Lab Medicine Quiz 4 Lab Medicine Quiz 4 Lab Medicine Quiz 4
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Lab Medicine Quiz 4What hormone helps us use glucose to make fats and triglycerides? - Insulin
What hormone is released by the pancreas when glucose in the blood stream falls? - Glucagon
What process does glucagon stimulate in the liver? - Gluconeogenesis
What are some factors that can lead to changes in glucose levels? - Increased or decreased
metabolism of carbohydrates
Increased or decreased rate of consumption of glucose by cells
Hormones that regulate glucose movement into and out of cells (Insulin, Glucagon, cortisol)
How does insulin affect glucose levels? - Insulin increases cell membrane permeability to glucose,
transports glucose into the cell, stimulates glycogen formulation, and reduces blood glucose levels
What is the role of glucagon in glucose regulation? - Glucagon accelerates glycogen breakdown in
the liver and causes blood glucose levels to rise
Which hormones act to increase blood sugar levels? - Cortisol, epinephrine, and growth hormone all
act to increase blood sugar
What is considered high blood sugar level? - > 125mg/dl FASTING
What are the classic symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus? - Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
What are some causes of hyperglycemia? - Stress (MI, CVA, trauma, general anesthesia)
Acute pancreatitis
Drugs (corticosteroids, some diuretics, beta-blockers)
IV fluids with dextrose
,What is the normal range for FPG? - < 100 mg/dL
What does FPG > 100 mg/dL and < 126mg/dL indicate? - Impaired glucose tolerance
What does FPG > 126mg/dL indicate? - Provisional diabetes
- If found on 2 occasions, diagnostic for DM
- 2 hour post prandial glucose >200, diagnostic
- HgBA1c > 6.5%
What are tests that are available to distinguish between DMI and DMII? - Antibodies
Urinary C peptide level
Insulin level
What are some antibodies commonly found in type I diabetics? - Islet cell cytoplasmic
autoantibodies (ICA) -- 70-80%
Tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (IA2A)
Insulin autoantibodies (IAA) -- 60%
Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GAD 65) --> persistently positive in type I
What does the urinary C peptide level test measure? - Measures beta cell function, as C peptide is
released from pancreatic cells during the cleavage of proinsulin
Easier to measure beta cell function than insulin levels because C peptide has longer half life!!!
What does a high insulin level indicate in the presence of high glucose? - A high insulin level in the
face of high glucose may indicate insulin resistance (Type II)
At what age should screening for DM start in patients without risk factors? - Screening should start
at age 35, if normal repeat every 3 years
When should FPG be done for women planning pregnancy? - FPG should be done for all women
planning pregnancy.
, When should GDM screening be done for pregnant women? - GDM screening should be done at 24-
28 weeks of pregnancy.
Who should be screened for DM regardless of age if they are overweight and have certain risk
factors? - Adults of any age with a BMI of 25kg/m2 or higher and one or more specific risk factors:
- Parent or sibling or child with DM
- Are physically inactive
- Had GDM or delivered a baby weighing > 9 lbs
Who should be screened early for DM? - Individuals with blood pressure readings 140/90 or higher
Abnormal lipid profile (HDL cholesterol 250 mg/dl)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Previous blood glucose testing indicating prediabetes
Circulatory problems
What is one of the diagnostic criteria for DM? - Any 1 of the following:
- HgA1c > 6.5%
- FPG >126 mg/dL
- OGTT >200 mg//dl
- Hyperglycemia sxs and random plasma >200 mg/dL
What does OGTT stand for and what are the time intervals it is measured at? - OGTT stands for Oral
Glucose Tolerance Test and it is measured at 30, 60, or 90 minutes and at 2 hours.
What is the normal OGTT level at 2 hours? - The normal OGTT level at 2 hours is less than 140.
What is the normal A1c level? - The normal A1c level is less than 5.7%.
What role does OGTT play in unexplained symptoms? - OGTT plays a role in assessing conditions like
retinopathy, renal disease, erectile dysfunction, and glucosuria without hyperglycemia (renal
glucosuria).
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