NURS 8022 EXAM 3 2024 WITH ACTUAL
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A person has a lesion on the lower neuron that involves the sacral micturition center. Which condition is
the person experiencing?
Destrusor areflexia
Mechanisms that protect the urinary tract from infection include:
A. Monocytes in the urine.
B. Acidic urine
C. Decreased urine osmolality
D. Type I pili
B. Acidic urine
interstitial cystitis
Autoimmune reaction responsible for inflammatory response; mast cell activation, altered epithelial
permeability and increased sensory nerve sensitivity
AKI RIFLE
Risk
Injury
Failure
Loss
ESKD
Pre-renal
Inadequate perfusion:
-not enough blood at sufficient pressure to allow filtering
Intrarenal
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,Cellular damage/intrinsic:
-damage to the cells that makes filtering possible
Post-renal
Obstruction:
-urine unable to drain adequately
Individuals with chronic renal failure have: (pick 3)
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Macrocytic anemia
C. Decreased erythropoietin secretion
D. Metabolic acidosis
ACD
Hypoxic vasoconstriction
V/Q ratio is low
The pulmonary circulation auto-regulates. Blood vessels surrounding poorly ventilated alveoli constrict
so the blood flow goes to alveoli that are being ventilated.
Bronchoconstriction
V/Q ratio is high
Bronchi constrict to increase resistance and decrease ventilation to an ill perfused area.
Retaining too much carbon dioxide will cause a(n) _________ in respiratory rate/ventilatory rate
increase
Trasudative vs exudative vs empyema effusion
Transudative: watery and diffuses out of capillaries
Exudative: thicker and contains WBCs and plasma
Empyema: pus
Steps of atherosclerosis
Ulceration of vessel
Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Thrombosis
Thrombus to embolus
Pacemaker of the heart
SA node
A practitioner is looking at an ECG and is measuring the time interval from the onset of the atrial
electrical activity to the onset of ventricular electrical activity. What is the nurse measuring?
A. QRS complex
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,B. QT complex
C. PR interval
D. Width of the P wave
C. PR interval
Chronotropic
heart rate
Inotropic
force of contraction
Which finding will cause the resistance in blood vessels to be increase?
A. Short length of vessels
B. Increased radial lumen
C. Parallel vessel system
D. Increased blood viscosity
D. Increased blood viscosity
Clinical significance of preload
Represents fluid returning to the heart
Increase preload means increased myocardial oxygen consumption
Frank-Starling law of the heart
More stretch= increased force of contraction
Laplace's law
Smaller chambers and thicker walls= increased contraction force
What is happening physiologically when a heart rate is reduced?
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
Valvular stenosis
narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
Valvular regurgitation
One or more of the heart's valves does not close properly causing blood to leak in the wrong direction.
-leads to dilation and hypertrophy
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, Which of the following disorders can lead to a low V/Q mismatch?
A. Pulmonary edema
B. Pulmonary Embolism
C. Pulmonary Hypertension
D. Hypercapnia
A. Pulmonary edema
Nitric oxide, which is released by the glomerular endothelial cells, causes which physiological process to
occur?
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Vasodilation
B. Vasodilation
What would be a normal physiological response in regard to osmosis be in a patient with
hyperglycemia?
The patient's serum is hypertonic and the fluid will move out of the cell
How does the parasympathetic nervous system decrease heart rate?
Release of ACH from the parasympathetic system increases the permeability of K+ ions and leads to
hyperpolarization of the cell.
A patient is in renal failure. The patient reports a history of severe diarrhea for several days. They also
report they have not been able to eat or drink anything for the last 24 hours due to not feeling well. The
NP would suspect that this patient's renal failure is a (pre/intral/post renal) and is due to
(dehydration/ischemia/urinary obstruction).
Prerenal; dehydration
Which of the following cardiac alterations could lead to left sided hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Pulmonary hypertension
C. Cardiac dilation
D. Amyloidosis
A. Aortic stenosis
Natriuretic peptides increase the _________ of sodium?
excretion
A patient presents with right sided heart failure, what is the most likely cause?
Left sided heart failure
If a patient's BP was 200/120 what would you expect to occur physiologically in the kidneys?
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