NURS 8022 EXAM 1 NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
(DETAILED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ 100%
GUARANTEED TO PASS CONCEPTS!!!
Peripheral proteins - ANSWER-Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
ATP - ANSWER-Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between
2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER-Occurs down a concentration gradient;
from HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER-Diffuse from high to lower pressure;
diffusion will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Negative Feedback - ANSWER-Promotes stability; cancels out the original
response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback - ANSWER-Promotes a change in one direction; instability,
DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins - ANSWER-Provide selectivity to a membrane
,Integral proteins - ANSWER-channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors,
second messengers
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - ANSWER-1. Concentration
difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane
matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis - ANSWER-Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area
of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low
FLUID)
Primary Active Transport - ANSWER-Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill")
a concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport - ANSWER-Trasport is driven by the energy STORED
in the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF
ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase - ANSWER-Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of
alll cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Ca2+ ATPase - ANSWER-Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
, H+ ATPase - ANSWER-- Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion)
and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - ANSWER-sodium is pumped out of the
cell; potassium is pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - ANSWER-Co-transport: Substance is
transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
Counter transport - ANSWER-Substance is transported in the opposite direction
as the driver ion Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - ANSWER-Increase
intracellular Ca2+
ungated Ion Channels - ANSWER-determined by size, shape, distribution of
charge
Gated Ion Channels - ANSWER--volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
Ion Channels - ANSWER-Conductance depends on probability that channel is
open.
Equilibrium Potential - ANSWER-the diffusion potential that exactly balances or
opposes the tendency for diffusion down the concentration difference.
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