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N265 COPD Concept Map
- Course
- NURSING FUNDAMENTA
- Institution
- East Los Angeles College
Concept map of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
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Michael ChiangN265
Pathophysiology
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
encompasses two diseases: emphysema and chronic
Lab Tests & Diagnostic bronchitis. Emphysema causes destruction of the
alveoli, leading to a decreased surface area for gas
Procedures exchange, carbon dioxide retention, and respiratory Assessment
1. ABGs: Hypoxemia, Hypocarbia acidosis. Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of 1. Chronic dyspnea
2. Increased hematocrit level
2. Pulmonary function tests
the bronchi and bronchioles due to chronic 2. Barrel chest
3. Chest X-Ray exposure to irritants. 3. Hypoxemia
4. Alpha, antitrypsin levels 4. Crackles and wheezes
5. Rapid and shallow respirations
6. Use of accessory muscles
7. Irregular breathing pattern
Nursing Care 8. Thin extremities and enlarged neck muscles
9. Clubbing of fingers and toes (late stages of the
1. Position patient in high-Fowler’s
disease)
Copd
maximize ventilation
2. Instruct patient to practice breathing 10. Pallor and cyanosis of nail beds and mucous
techniques to control dyspneic episodes membranes (late stages of the disease)
3. Promote adequate nutrition
11. Decreased oxygen saturation levels
4. Encourage effective coughing
5. Encourage deep breathing and use of
incentive spirometer
Complications Health Promotion and
Medications 1. Respiratory infection: results from increased
1. Bronchodilators (inhalers) mucus production and poor oxygenation levels
2. Right-sided Heart Failure: Air trapping,
Disease Prevention
Short-acting beta2 agonists
airway collapse, and stiff alveoli lead to 1. Promote smoking cessation.
Cholinergic antagonists
Methylxanthines
increased pulmonary pressures 2. Avoid exposure to secondhand
2. Anti-inflammatory agents smoke.
Corticosteroids 3. Use protective equipment, such as a
Leukotriene antagonists
Mast cell stabilizers mask, and ensure proper ventilation
Monoclonal antibodies while working in environments that
3. Mucolytic agents contain carcinogens or particles in the
Acetylcysteine and dornase
alfa air.
Guaifenesin 4. Influenza and pneumonia
Dextromethorphan immunizations are important for all
clients who have COPD, but especially
for older adults.
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