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PSYC 331: Lectures Midterm 1 questions and correct answers latest version
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PSYC 331: Lectures Midterm 1 questions and correct answers latest version
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PSYC 331: Lectures Midterm 1questions and correct answers latest
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Intergroup Relations
Any aspect of human interaction that involves individuals perceiving
themselves as members of a social category, or being perceived by others as
belonging to a social category
Prejudice (affect)
-attitudes toward people based solely on their group
-can be overt or hidden
-can be positive or negative
Stereotypes (cognition)
-beliefs about a group of people (e.g. attributes, characteristics, typical
behaviors)
-cognitive
-generalization (extending beyond known group members)
Discrimination (behavior)
Behaviors directed towards people on the basis of their group membership
Can be:
-interpersonal
-organizational
-institutional
-cultural
3 key aspects of stereotypes
1. shared, cultural belief
2. accuracy
3. descriptive and prescriptive
,Descriptive Stereotype
this is how this group is
Prescriptive Stereotype
this is how this group should be
Groups that may be subject to prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination?
-nationality
-social class
-racial and ethnic identity
-gender
-sexual orientation
-religion
-appearance
-weight
-disabilities
-diseases
-organizations you belong to
-consumer preferences
-your social clique
Interpersonal Discrimination
when one person treats another person differently on the basis of their group
membership
ex: reactions to white v. black boy stealing bike (video)
Organizational Discrimination
when norms, policies, and practices associated with an organization result in
different outcomes on the basis of a group distinction
ex: banning dreadlocks in schools
Institutional Discrimination
when norms, policies, and practices associated with an institution result in
different outcomes on the basis of a group distinction
ex: cocaine sentencing
Levels at which intergroup relations operate:
,-systems and institutions
-groups and organizations
-interpersonal interactions
-individual minds
(psychology has the most to say in the bottom 2 areas)
Example of Institutional Discrimination: Cocaine Sentencing
-different sentencing on crack v. powder cocaine
-Blacks tend to use crack and White tend to use powder
-Black disproportionally sent to jail
-Nowhere in the law is race mentioned, but the enactment of the law creates
racial differences in prison sentences
Discrimination within individual minds
-personalities
-perceptions
-beliefs
-identity
inequality and culture
inequality and discrimination can be embedded into regular cultural
practices
cultural capital
social assets of a person that promote social mobility
ex: article of company filtering resumes for "Jared" and "high school
lacrosse"
social capital
value obtained from interpersonal relationships and social networks
ex: people who go to ivy leagues get first priority
, Earnings after having a child: women v. men
-women's earnings drop significantly after having a child
-men's don't
Beauty Bias
idea that attractive people are more powerful/captivating (ex: Cleopatra)
Colorism
Making Black people whiter in magazines
What form of discrimination is this?
Carlos is a student from a lower-SES family who is president of a club. He
doesn't have enough savings to spend money for events and wait for a
reimbursement. He asks an administrator for money in advance, the
administrator says they can't make exceptions.
Organizational Discrimination- organizational policy (the administrator
operated within a system that doesn't allow for any other way, even though
the administrator may think it's unfair)
selective exposure
tendency to selectively seek information that reinforces one's attitudes while
selectively avoiding information that contradicts one's attitudes
prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination
prejudices and stereotypes work together to justify discrimination
self-fulfilling prophecy
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