EPHE 155 Quiz 1 || All Correct.
vitamins correct answers organic compounds needed in the diet in small amounts to promote and
regulate the chemical reactions and processes needed for growth, reproduction, and maintenance
of health
vitamins are essential to life correct answers vitamins are organic compounds essential in the diet
to promote growth, reproduction, and health maintenance
water soluble vitamins correct answers - B/C vitamins; they are needed in small, frequent
amounts; excess is excreted
- B vitamins were originally thought to be one chemical substance but are actually many
different substances-reason for B1, B12, etc.
-dissolve in water
fortification correct answers - process of adding nutrients to food generally not found in the food
(i.e. adding calcium to orange juice)
- health Canada regulates which foods must be fortified and which nutrients should be added (i.e.
table salt w/ iodine, milk w/ vitamin D, or grains w/ thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and folic
acid)
-a term used generally to describe the process of adding nutrients to foods that are not normally
there i.e. vitamin D3 to milk
other vitamin stuff correct answers - vitamin D can be synthesized by the skin (in the summer in
Canada when UV rays are strong enough to penetrate skin)
- not everyone needs to take a multivitamin mineral supplement since most of the vitamins will
not be absorbed
- disease resulting from thiamin deficiency: beriberi
- pregnant people should consume folic acid/folate to reduce neural tube defects
- vitamins only found in animal foods: B12
- cigarette smokers need more vitamin C since smoking causes free radicals and vitamin C is an
antioxidant
- frozen foods that have been properly stored can be a great source of vitamins
water vs fat soluble vitamins correct answers - vitamins that are fat soluble: DEAK; vitamins that
are water-soluble: B/C
,-dissolve in fat
enrichment correct answers - adding nutrients back to foods that have lost nutrients due to
processing (i.e. adding B vitamins to white rice)
-refers to foods that have nutrients added to restore those lost in processing to a level equal to or
higher than originally present
vitamin supplementation correct answers - ~40% of Canadian adults use vitamin and mineral
supplements; ppl who may benefit from supplements include those on calorie restricted diets;
vegans/people who eliminate dairy foods; infants and children; young women/ pregnant women
should consume 400mcg/day of folic acid; older adults should consume vitamin D and possibly
vitamin B12; individuals with dark pigmentation or who cover their bodies outdoors and
Canadians from Oct-April to yearly depending on latitude (vitamin D); individuals with
restricted diets; people taking medications; cigarette smokers and alcohol users
water soluble vitamin absorption correct answers - vitamins must be absorbed by the body in
order to perform their functions; approximately 40-90% of vitamins are absorbed in the small
intestine; water-soluble vitamins may require transport molecules or specific molecules in the GI
tract; some vitamins are absorbed in inactive provitamin or vitamin precursor forms that must be
converted into active forms by the body
absorption of vitamins correct answers - Fat-soluble vitamins need fat present in the meal for
absorption
- Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed via active transport, facilitated diffusion or require
binding to a specific protein
bioavailability of vitamins correct answers bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that can be
absorbed and utilized by the body
a general term that refers to how well a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body
can vitamins act as coenzymes? correct answers yes vitamins can act as coenzymes
coenzymes= small non protein organic molecules that act as carriers of electrons or atoms in
metabolic reactions and are necessary for the proper functioning of many enzymes
vitamins and ATP production correct answers vitamins help ATP production
thiamin correct answers - thiamin was the first B vitamin to be identified and is also called B1;
thiamin is widely available in foods, especially in enriched grains, whole grains, legumes, nuts
and seeds; thiamin assists in energy production (ATP production), carbohydrate metabolism, the
production of ribose and the health of the nervous system
, best source: pork, then lentils, then trout, then enriched grains, then enriched orange juice
riboflavin correct answers - dairy products are a good source of riboflavin; plant sources of
riboflavin include mushrooms, broccoli, asparagus, whole grains and green, leafy vegetables;
animal sources include red meat, poultry and fish; riboflavin is easily destroyed by heat and
exposure to light; riboflavin is an important component in the citric acid cycle and for assisting
the body with the absorption of other vitamins; yellow part of whey
- do not see a lot of deficiencies for thiamin/riboflavin since they are quite pervasive in the diet
niacin correct answers - niacin is added to enriched flours in North America; a niacin deficiency
disease is pellagra; niacin can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid
tryptophan if the diet is adequate in tryptophan; niacin plays an important role in the production
of energy and in general metabolism; two forms of niacin are nicotinic acid and nicotinamide;
quite available in protein foods
niacin deficiency correct answers - symptoms of advanced pellagra include the 3 D's: dermatitis,
diarrhea, and dementia • Niacin toxicity from overuse of niacin supplements can result in
elevated blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, nausea, vomiting, elevated blood sugar levels and
impaired liver function
biotin correct answers - Biotin in the diet- liver, egg yolks, yogurt, nuts • Avoid uncooked egg
whites. The protein, avidin, binds biotin making it unavailable. Biotin in the body • Coenzyme
involved in adding COOH group to other molecules (e.g., citric acid cycle, glucose synthesis).
Recommended biotin intake • AI = 30 micrograms/day
pantothenic acid correct answers - Pantothenic acid in the diet • Abundant in meat, eggs, whole
grains, legumes, sunflower seeds
Pantothenic acid in the body • Part of coenzyme A (part of fatty acid metabolism in body)• Part
of the acyl carrier protein for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis Recommended intake • AI = 5
mg/day • AI = 6 mg/day (pregnancy), 7 mg/day (lactation); quite available in protein foods
B6 correct answers - Vitamin B6 is also called pyridoxine and comprises a group of compounds
including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. • All three forms can be converted into
pyridoxal phosphate, which is required for many enzyme reactions in the body. • Vitamin B6
deficiency may result in anemia due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and neurotransmitter
issues. • B6 (along with B12) are needed to synthesize & maintain the myelin sheath of nerve
cells, essential for nerve transmission; B6 is involved in production of non-essential amino acids;
involved in B12 conversion to methylamine; involved in lowering homocystine levels
(decreasing heart disease)
mostly availble in chicken, meats, brown rice
folate correct answers - Folate coenzymes are needed for DNA synthesis and the metabolism of
some amino acids. • Low folate intake in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of
