what is pulmonary diffusion? - ANSWERS-oxygen diffuses from alveoli
to the blood, CO2 diffuses from blood to alveoli
what happens in the alveoli? - ANSWERS-- Site of gas exchange where
O2 and CO2 exchange occurs
- Surrounded by capillaries which enables this to happen
what is ventilation? - ANSWERS-- Act of moving air in and out of the
lungs
- Requires movement of the thoracic cage and the diaphragm
- Body senses increased CO2 or low O2 or change in pH,
chemoreceptors in the medulla sense this and then cascade of event
occurs.
what is an endotracheal tube? - ANSWERS-- Tube inserted through
mouth or nose to the trachea to establish an airway
- Indicated for people who cannot breathe on their own or are unable
to maintain an airway
,- Oral route is preferred over nose because there's less trauma and less
infection risk
- Opioids often given to help the patient relax
what are potential complications of an ET tube? - ANSWERS-o
Aspiration leading to aspiration pneumonia
o Trauma or inflammation
o Bleeding
o Ischemia
o Depressed swallowing or gag reflex
o Secretions can thicken over time causing issues
how long should a patient have an ET tube in place? Why? - ANSWERS-
o 2-3wk (14-21 days)
o Risk of irritation + infection
what is a tracheostomy? - ANSWERS-- Surgical procedure where an
opening is made into the trachea
- Can be temporary or permanent
- Can be used to bypass the upper airway
- Mechanical ventilation patients
, what are the different types of tracheostomies? - ANSWERS--
Fenestrated trach: allows for communication but at risk for aspiration
-Double cuffed tube: occludes space b/w tracheal wall and tube and is
best for mechanical ventilation; decreased risk for aspiration
what are nursing considerations for tracheostomies? - ANSWERS--
managing secretions: suction, focused respiratory assessment, mouth
care
-HOB elevated
-Trach care: change trach ties, clean cannulas
-Have extra trach cannula at bedside in case decannulation happens
-prevent short term or long term complications
st: dislodgement of trach, bleeding, development of pneumonia
lt: airway obstruction, infection, dysphagia, or ischemia/necrosis
what is the difference between CPAP and BIPAP? - ANSWERS-CPAP:
continuous positive airway pressure that is used to keep alveoli open.
Goal of CPAP is to prevent respiratory failure. The patient MUST be able
to breathe independently. Pts needing it: OSA, COPD
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