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N164 Maternity Final Exam Questions And Accurate Answers

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N164 Maternity Final Exam Questions And Accurate Answers...

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  • September 26, 2024
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N164 Maternity Final Exam Questions And Accurate Answers



GTPAL vs GP



Gravidity/Term birth/ Preterm/Abortions and miscarriages/ Living Children



GTPAL: #pregnancies/ #pregnancies ending in term births at 37 weeks+/ #pregnancies
that ended in preterm births ie 20 weeks 0 days to 36 weeks 6 days/ #pregnancies that
ended in miscarriage-spontaneous abortion or elective termination-therapeutic
abortion-before 20 weeks/ #children currently living



G/P: the # of pregnancies the woman has head (including the present one)/ the # of
pregnancies that have reached 20 weeks or more



- if full acronym is GTPAL, then P includes T + P (ignore A & L)

How to calculate gestational age



count backwards from the EDD (assume EDD is exactly week 40)

Past

How to calculate EDD



Naegele's rule: take LMP, subtract 3 months and add seven days + 1 year

Cervical exam (dilation, effacement)



Dilation: thinning of cervix (up to 10 cm)



Effacement: shortening and thinning of cervix (up to 100%

,Station:

Cervical exam: what is station?



the relationship of the presenting fetal part to an imaginary line drawn b/w maternal
ischial spines + a measure of degree of descent of presenting part through the birth
canal



above spines is & below spines is + +0= engagement- aligned with R & L maternal ischial
spines

+2 = pushing starts

+3 = baby is crowning

+4 to +5= birth is imminent

Presumptive signs of pregnancy

subjective and reported by the woman

amenorrhea, fatigue, breast changes, N/V, quickening (could be flatulence), uterine
enlargement

Probable signs of pregnancy

Objective and reported by the examiner

-Goodell's sign, Hegar's sign, Chadwick's sign, ballottement; Braxton-Hicks
contractions; + pregnancy test

Positive signs of pregnancy

only the presence of a fetus can explain these findings



fetal heart sounds, visualization of the fetus, fetal outline and movement movement
palpated by an experienced examiner; US visualization

Physiologic adaptation of pregnancy - CV



- Blood volume increases 45% to 50% to meet needs of woman and fetus

,- Physiologic anemia is caused by hemodilution (ratio 75% plasma: 25% RBCs



- Increase in clotting factors to protect against blood that will be lost during birth (but in
2nd and 3rd trimesters may increase risk of thrombophlebitis)

Physiologic adaptation of pregnancy- Resp



- Mild hyperventilation with decreased PaCO2 and increased PaO2-- state of respiratory
alkalosis



- diaphragm elevates and is displaced by 4cm= more room for the baby, may cause SOB



- inc. estrogen relaxes rib cage and inc. vascularization in upper respiratory tract



- BMR inc 10-20% due to utero-placental-fetal demand for O2

Physiologic adaptation of pregnancy- Renal

bladder irritability, nocturia, urinary frequency; may experience proteinuria

- by term gestation, there is an increase in total body water of 6.5-8.5 L

- selective reabsorption to maintain Na and H2O balance; esp Na to help expand fluid
volume

- physiologic/dependent edema: req no tx; as pregnancy progresses, capacity of
kidneys to excrete water is less efficient

Physiologic adaptation of pregnancy- Integ



- chloasma: mask of pregnancy



- linea nigra: vertical line replaces linea alba



- striae gravidarum: stretch marks

, - angiomatas: vascular spiders caused by inc. estrogen



- palmar erythema: redness in palms



- pruritis gravidarum: mild itching, usually over abd

Physiologic adaptation of pregnancy- MS



- dec. abd muscle tone



stretch during 3rd trimester-- may lead to diastasis recti abdominis (abd muscles
separate)



-center of gravity shifts



Lordosis (inc. lumbosacral curve) + exaggerated anterior flexion to compensate--> leads
to aching, numbness, and weakness of UEs



Waddling gait



Relaxin and progesterone loosen ligaments of pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints

Physiologic adaptation of pregnancy- Neuro



hypothalamic-pituitary neurohormonal changes:



nerve compression/ vascular stasis= sensory changes in legs



lordosis= pain bc nerve compression

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